342 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. VIII, July, 1954 
broken off, terminated by 
a long terete spine, some- 
what persistent, the scales 
bearing at pollination 3- 
12 or more erect ovules in 
double crescentic row, the 
ovules becoming 3-9 
seeds in a (single or) 
double row on the sur- 
face of the scale, maturing 
the embryos in two sea- 
sons 
Seeds about 200 per cone, 
5-7 mm. long, with two 
thin wings broader than 
the body of the seed 
Buds naked 
Vegetative reproduction 
none 
Leaves all small, of only 
one kind, not petioled 
Stem habit stout, the 
branches turning upward 
at tip 
Abies 
Staminate cones oval 
Pistillate cones erect, with 
the axis persistent, the 
stipitate scales deciduous 
Cotyledons 4-5 
Winter buds usually res- 
inous 
terminated by a long flat- 
tened spine, usually de- 
ciduous, the scales bearing 
at pollination 3-7 erect 
ovules in single arched 
row, the ovules becoming 
2-5 seeds in a single row 
near the margin of the 
scale, maturing the em- 
bryos in one season 
Seeds about 60 per cone, 
3-4.5 mm. long, with 
two spongy wings not as 
broad as the body of the 
seed 
Buds scaly 
Vegetative reproduction 
abundant 
Leaves dimorphic, the vig- 
orous terminal shoots with 
small scale-like leaves; 
other branches with large 
scythe-shaped, petioled 
leaves 
Stem habit more slender, 
the branches horizontal or 
drooping 
Picea 
Staminate cones catkin- 
like 
Pistillate cones diverging 
or pendant, shedding as 
a whole with the sessile 
scales attached 
Cotyledons 5-10 
Winter buds without resin 
Leaves often spreading in 
2 ranks, linear or linear- 
lanceolate, contracted 
above base, usually flat- 
tened and grooved above, 
without or rarely with 
stomata, with 2 (rarely 4) 
resin ducts, leaves with- 
out persistent leaf bases 
Cupressus 
Stamens with 2-6 anther 
cells 
Pistillate cone ripening in 
2 seasons, scales with 15- 
20 seeds 
Seeds with narrow hard 
wings 
Cotyledons 3-4 
Branchlets 4-angled (or in 
some species flattened or 
terete), irregularly dis- 
posed 
Leaves scale-like, minute- 
ly denticulate-ciliate 
Thujopsis 
Staminate flowers with 6- 
10 pairs of stamens 
Pistillate cones subglo- 
bose, the scales 6-8 with 
a boss or mucro below 
the apex, 4-6 pairs fertile, 
only the upper pair sterile, 
the fertile scales with 3-5 
seeds 
Leaves decussate, the lat- 
eral ones somewhat 
spreading, ovate-lanceo- 
late and curved, with 
glaucous white patches 
below 
Tsuga 
Staminate cones axillary, 
globose, anthers trans- 
versely dehiscent 
Pistillate cones 1.5-7. 5 
cm. long, cotyledons 3-6 
Leaves spirally attached, 
2-ranked, flattened, and 
stomatiferous below or on 
both sides, narrowed into 
Leaves spirally arranged, 
linear, usually 4-angled 
(or in some species 3- 
angled or flat), with sto- 
mata on 1 or 4 sides, 
with 2 or 0 resin ducts, 
the leaves attached by 
peg-like bases which are 
persistent on the branch- 
let 
Chamaecyparis 
Stamens with 2-4 anther 
cells 
Pistillate cone ripening in 
1 (or 2) seasons, scales 
with 1-5 seeds 
Seeds with broad gauzy 
wings 
Cotyledons 2 
Branchlets frond-like, 
usually flattened 
Leaves scale-like, entire 
Thuja 
Staminate flowers with 
6-12 decussate stamens 
Pistillate cones ovoid- 
oblong or ovoid, scales 
with an apical thickened 
ridge or boss, only the 
2- 3 middle pairs fertile, 
these with 2-3 seeds 
Leaves decussate, scale- 
like, the lateral ones near- 
ly covering the facial ones, 
with or without glaucous 
white patches below 
Picea 
Staminate cones terminal, 
ament-like, anthers longi- 
tudinally dehiscent 
Pistillate cones 2-15 cm. 
long, cotyledons 5-10 
Leaves spirally attached 
and arranged, usually 4- 
angled (or in a few species 
3- angled or flat), with 
Buchholz also tabulates numerous differ- 
ences in the gametophytes and in the devel- 
opment of the embryos. 
This tabulation shows the generic charac- 
ters to be numerous and impressive. A 
conclusion might be drawn here, but it is 
better to consider first other comparable pairs 
of genera in the Pinaceae or its segregate 
related families. The following have long 
been and are now almost universally accepted 
as genera: 
