500 
ously: 50% of the trees had begun to bloom 
again. Of the big trees, several figs and bread- 
fruit trees were now obviously alive, and 50% 
of the Albizzia montana and A. procera had 
already bloomed. 
All the plants mentioned above covered only 
10% of the area; the rest of the soil surface 
was still barren, as if the area had been ce- 
mented. No plants of any kind were growing 
there. 
As we reached a height of 1250 m, we found 
the pine forest of Finns merkussii Yunghuhn 
and de Vr. all dead and the soil in the vicinity 
hardened as if cemented. We made three holes 
in this hardened surface and found the harden- 
ing extended to a depth of 10-15 cm. Under 
this layer we found the needles of the pine 
trees, which were still undamaged, and di- 
rectly under this layer of needles the original 
soil. 
There are 316 hectares of pine forest sur- 
rounding Besakih, all the trees of which are 
dead because of the hot clouds, lava, lapilli, or 
sand and ash from the volcano. This lava mixed 
with lapilli, sand, and ash formed the cemented 
upper layer of 10-15 cm. 
At an elevation of 1250 m, here and there 
though still very rare, we discovered nine spe- 
cies of plants: a small Albizzia montana tree, 
a small fig, the bamboo Gigantochloa apus 
Kurz., the grass species Cynodon dactylon Pers., 
lmperata cylindrica Beau., Pennisetum pur- 
pur enm Schumacher & Thonn., and Theme da 
gigantea Hack., the herb Plantago major Linn., 
and a small tree of Sesbania grandiflora Pers. 
Of these plants we saw only one or two speci- 
mens each. Ninety % of the area was still bar- 
ren, the surface cemented, and the leafless stand- 
ing trunks of the pine trees looked like aban- 
doned soldiers. We saw three butterflies but no 
other living animal. 
The following list is of the plants found 
growing on the northern slope of the volcano, 
from a height of 900 m above sea level (where 
the area of the Besakih shrine begins at the 
resthouse of the Forest Service) up to the 1250 
m level, where 90 % of the soil surface one year 
after the eruption of Agung is still barren. The 
plants were found along dikes and watercourses. 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIX, October 1965 
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. 
Albizzia montana Benth. 
Albizzia procera Benth. 
Aleurites montana Wilson 
Amaranthus spinosus Linn. 
Anaphalis viscida DC. 
Areca catechu Linn. 
Arenga pinnata Merr. 
Artocarpus communis Forst. 
Artocarpus elastica Reinw. 
Averrhoa carambola Linn. 
Boehmeria nivea Gaud. 
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw. 
Callicarpa longifolia Lamk. 
Centella asiatica Urb. 
Centotheca latifolia Trin. 
Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn. 
Cheilanthus tenuifolia Swartz 
Citrus maxima Merr. 
Citrus sp. 
Clerodendron serratum Spreng. 
Coffea arabica Linn. 
Cordia oblique Willd. 
Cynodon dactylon Pets. 
Cyperus cyperoides O. K. 
Cyperus rotundus Linn. 
Davallia trichomonoides Bl. 
Digit aria sanguinalis Scop. 
Drymaria hirsuta Barttl. 
Elaeagnus latifolius Linn. 
Eleusine indica Gaertn. 
Engelhardia spicata Bl. 
Equisetum debile Roxb. 
Erechtites valerianifolia Rafin. 
Erythrina variegata Linn. 
Eugenia cumini Druce 
Eugenia polyantha Wight. 
Euphorbia rothiana Spreng. 
Ficus ampelas Burm. 
Ficus benjamina Linn. 
Ficus septica Burm. 
Fimbristylis miliacea Vah. 
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. and Mor. 
Gigantochloa apus Kurz. 
Goniophlebium subauriculatum DC. 
Gynoglossum javanicum Thunb. 
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. 
Homalomena sp. 
lmperata cylindrica Beauv. 
Ipomoea batatas Lamk. (planted) 
Jatropha curcas Linn. 
Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. 
Leucaena sp. 
Litsea sp. 
Lygodium japonicum Sw. 
Melia azedarach Linn. 
Michelia sp. 
Mirabilis jalapa Linn. 
Musa sp. 
Nephelium sp. 
Paederia fortida Linn. 
