Pioneer Plants on Agung-— Anwari Dilmy 
501 
Paspalum conjugation Berg. 
Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher and Thonn. 
Plantago major Linn. 
Pleomele elliptica N. E. Br. 
Polygonum chinense Linn. 
Pteridium aquilinum L. var. W ightianum 
Ricinus communis Linn. 
Saccharum spontaneum Linn. 
Samhucus javanica Bl. 
Sesbania grandiflora Pers. 
Smilax leucophylla Bl. 
Solanum torvum Sw. 
Spilanthes nodiflora Geschn. 
T er min alia bellirica Roxb. 
Themeda gigantea Hack. 
Toona sinensis Roem. 
Vernonia arborea Ham. 
Veronia javanica Bl. 
Viburnum lutescens Bl. 
Viburnum sambuci :um Bl. 
Vitex trifolia var. heterophylla Mol. 
Wedelia montana Boerl. 
Above 1250 m only nine species of plants 
have been found: Albizzia montana Benth., 
Cynodon dactylon Pers., Ficus sp., Gigantochloa 
apus Kurz., Imperata cylindrica Beauv., Penni- 
setum purpureum Schumacher and Thonn., 
Plantago major Linn., Sesbania grandiflora 
Pers., and Themeda gigantea Hack. 
At a height of 1400 m the dead pine trees 
were left standing, while far down in valleys 
one or two specimens of the following species 
were observed: Phragmites karka Trin., Sam- 
bucus javanica Reinw., Pennisetum purpureum 
Schum. and Swarz., Themeda gigantea Hack., 
Engelhardia sp., Schima wallichii var. noronhae 
Bl. 
On the slopes of the valleys we discovered: 
Polygonum sinensis Linn., Cordia oblique Willd., 
Dryopteris campestris Rumph., Cheilanthes 
tenuifolia Swarz., Coffea sp., and Gigantochloa 
apus Kurz. 
According to these observations upon the 
pioneer plants in the valleys, the Forest Service 
should be advised to mix in this forest such 
pioneer trees as Engelhardia sp. and Schima wal- 
lichii var. noronhae, whatever the main species 
in this forest may be. A monoculture of Pinus 
merkussii is not preferable; experience in West- 
ern Europe with monocultures and with the 
dead forests on the northern and southern slopes 
of Agung volcano, described above, leads us to 
believe that a mixed forest, following the ex- 
ample of Nature, is the best reforestation. 
It would appear that this devastated area near 
the 1250 m elevation could be reforested rather 
readily by digging through the cemented mate- 
rial (to a maximum of 20 cm) and planting 
seeds or seedlings in the original soil beneath. 
Though Casuarina yunghuhniana Bl. is popular, 
it does not seem wise to plant it at this high 
altitude because the needles cover the soil giv- 
ing other plant species little chance of growing. 
As a result there would be a good chance, then, 
that the surface of the soil would suffer serious 
damage by erosion. 
REFERENCES 
Kusumadinata. 1964. The eruption of the 
Agung volcano in Bali in 1963. Unpub- 
lished manuscript. 
Zollinger, H. 1845. "Eein uitstapje naar het 
eiland Bali.” Tijdschr. Neer. Ind. 74:43. 
