Nonmarine Mollusks of New Caledonia-— Solem 
133 
The following list contains species suspected 
of being imported, as well as those that were 
unquestionably brought in by commerce. 
Family ANCYLIDAE 
Ancylus reticulatus Gassies, 1865, has not 
been found by subsequent collectors. The origi- 
nal description and figures fail to provide any 
characteristics by which this species can be 
separated from the European A . fluviatilis . I 
have not seen material of this species. 
Ancylus noumeensis Crosse, 1871, is equally 
little known. The inclination of the apex to the 
right precludes the possibility of this being the 
European Acroloxm lacustris, but does not differ 
from some of the West Indian ancylids. The 
type locality "Noumea” is in itself suspect, since 
the city environs were substantially altered even 
at this early date. 
Family VERONICELLIDAE 
Laevicaulus alte (Ferussac, 1823) is a Central 
African species that has been widely dispersed 
by man into India, Indonesia, and Madagascar 
(see Forcart, 1953:63-68, 97-98). Much of its 
African distribution is caused by human agency, 
so that its original range is unknown. It was not 
reported from New Caledonia by early workers 
and was first collected by Sarasin and Roux in 
1911. 
Angustipes ( Sarasinula ) plebeius (Fischer, 
1868) was described from material collected in 
New Caledonia about 1863 (see Gassies, 1871: 
12). Common in New Caledonia, it has been 
reported in Tahiti, Upolu, and several of the 
Fijian Islands. Its native range is apparently 
Brazil and the West Indies, where it was long 
known as Angustipes dubius (Semper) (see 
H. B. Baker, 1931:134-136). 
Family TORNATELLINIDAE 
The classification of this family has been put 
on a magnificent footing by Cooke and Kondo 
(I960), who also have covered the speciation 
patterns of the Polynesian, Micronesian, and 
Hawaiian species in exhaustive detail. Lack of 
material, however, prevented their giving full 
consideration to the affinities of extralimital 
species. Procurement of adequate samples will 
undoubtedly prove that many of the peripheral 
"species” are based on introduced populations 
of Polynesian species. 
Elasmias mariei (Crosse, 1874) is one of the 
21 "species” listed by Cooke and Kondo (I960).. 
Unquestionably endemic species are found on 
Rapa, Rurutu, Raivavae, Guam, and possibly 
the Caroline Islands. Possibly the remaining 
species are based upon introduced populations, 
although their status cannot be satisfactorily 
evaluated at this time. 
Elasmias apertum (Pease, 1864) is widely dis- 
persed in Polynesia. Many localities are known 
for the Marquesas, Tuamotu, Australs, Society 
Islands, and Cook Islands, with additional rec- 
ords from Tongatabu, Rotuma, and Sunday Is- 
land in the Kermadec Group (see Cooke and 
Kondo, 1960:223 ) . The New Caledonian in- 
troduction, at some time prior to 1958, was 
probably achieved through commerce with 
French Polynesia. 
T ornatellinops noumeensis (Crosse, 1870) be- 
longs to a very widely distributed genus of 23 
"species,” at least one of which, T. variabilis 
(Odhner), has been widely dispersed by man. 
The status of the New Caledonian morph is 
uncertain, but accidental introduction from Poly- 
nesia is a distinct possibility. 
Family PUPILLIDAE 
Gastrocopta ( Sinalbinula ) pediculus (Shuttle- 
worth, 1852) is almost universally distributed 
on both high and low islands of the Pacific 
Ocean. Pilsbry (1916-1918:141) considered 
that it might have been native to Indonesia or 
Melanesia, being carried from there subsequently 
both by primitive man and modern commerce. 
It was well established in New Caledonia prior 
to 1859, when it was described as Pupa artensis 
Montrouzier. Probably it was brought in from 
Polynesia. 
Gastrocopta (G.) servilis ( Gould, 1843) is 
widely spread in the West Indies, Central 
America, and Brazil (var. ohlonga) (see Pilsbry, 
1916-1918:70-72, 141-144). It was introduced 
into Hawaii before 1892 and into the Philip- 
pines before 1893. The first New Caledonian 
