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PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XVIII, October 1964 
Morphology’ of the male structures (Fig. 5) 
has proven of little value to us in the taxonomy 
of this genus, nor has the fact that some collec- 
tions are monoecious and some dioecious been 
of value. Our Philippine material (no. 16954) 
is monoecious, as Desikachary (1957) reports 
to be the case in his material, whereas Yamada 
reports ( 1944:21) dioecious material. We have 
substantiated this latter point by our study of 
Yamada’s specimens. Boergesen apparently did 
not see convincing evidence of spermatium pro- 
duction in either of the specific taxa he recog- 
nized, but expected his material of at least one 
of them to be dioecious. 
SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION 
Though often in Liagoropsis they are solitary 
( Figs. 7, 8 ) , usually one finds many carpogonial 
branches in clusters (Figs. 15-18). Figure 156C 
in Newton’s book (1931) illustrates a similar 
situation for Nemalion, and see Boergesen 
(1915: fig. 68) for the same situation in Lia- 
gora elongata Zanardini, a species that perhaps 
should be transferred to Liagoropsis, along with 
some Nemalion spp. When the carpogonial 
branch clusters are large, containing five or 
more branches, their derivation seems clearly 
that of replacing vegetative ( assimilatory ) fila- 
ments. At one time we considered such "poly- 
carpogonial” systems to be hair clusters with an 
occasional hair-bearing branch developing as a 
carpogonial branch. This was because at first 
we found many with short trichogynes and we 
interpreted them as hairs, for the hypogynous 
cells were not strongly differentiated. We now 
consider such to be merely young, for in almost 
each collection such branches in some clusters 
have been found bearing gonimoblast filaments. 
The similarities in hair and carpogonial devel- 
opment have been noted ( e.g., Rosenvinge, 
1911) by a good many authors. At least in on- 
togeny, in Liagoropsis, the determination process 
must remain labile for a long time and the hy- 
pogynous cells are never strongly specialized. 
Figs. 15—18. Polycarpogonial branch systems bear- 
ing, in one case, a gonimoblast. Respectively, type of 
Nemalion longicolle [Boergesen no. 1614b]; type of 
Nemalion schrammi from Paris specimen; M. Doty 
no. 16954; Boergesen no. 1614. 
