54 
Salisbury . — Variation in Eranthis hy emails, 
throughout, whilst the more specialized ovaries are associated with a multi- 
plication of parts. Moreover, Cabomba and Brasenia exhibit a simpler 
anatomical structure than the other genera (Gwynne-Vaughan, 1897). A 
trimerous perianth is also characteristic of the families Anonaceae, Berberi- 
daceae, Lactoridaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Magnoliaceae, and 
Myristicaceae, although several of these orders exhibit the usual derivative of 
trimery, namely, dimery. Trimery is thus associated with the arboreal 
habit as well as being of widespread occurrence in 
the Cohort. 
In the Ranunculaceae both pentamerous and 
trimerous flowers occur in the same genus or even 
in the same species, though pentamery is always 
associated with the highly specialized zygomorphic 
flowers. For example, in many Paeonies there is 
a quincuncial calyx followed by a pentamerous 
coloured perianth, but in Paeonia whitmanniana 
the calyx consists of three members and the coloured 
perianth of two trimerous whorls (Baillon, 1862). In 
Ficaria verna , when the calyx consists ot six members 
they occur in two alternating whorls of three members 
each ; when the calyx consists of five members the 
arrangement is quincuncial (Clos, 1852). Similarly 
in various species of Anemone and Helleborus the 
perianth may consist of two trimerous, or one quin- 
cuncial whorl. In Anemone nemorosa both conditions 
occur (Yule, 1902). In A. pulsatilla the trimerous 
condition is the normal one, in A. ranunculoides the 
pentamerous. This variation is, moreover, not re- 
stricted to the Ranunculaceae, but occurs also in the 
Berberidaceae (cf. Eichler, 1875, Bd. I, p. 1 6 ) and 
is even found amongst the stereotyped Mono- 
cotyledons. Paris qnadrifolia and some members 
of the Araceae, for example, not infrequently exhibit 
a single quincuncial whorl (cf. Smith, 1893). 
(d) The honey-leaves or nectaries. The honey-leaves vary in number 
from four to twelve (cf. Figs. 3 and 6 ). Only one example with four 
nectaries was encountered, and it is worthy of note that here, as in nine out 
of the fifteen specimens with only five nectaries, there was no accompanying 
increase in the number of perianth segments. The reduced number must 
therefore be attributed to an actual diminution, and is probably due to 
replacement of one of the pairs of honey-leaves by a single member, and the 
orientation in such cases fully warrants this suggestion. The increase, up 
to as many as twelve, is doubtless the outcome of bifurcation of one or more 
malis. Empirical diagrams 
showing arrangement of 
bracts and perianth seg- 
ments in abnormal flowers. 
Green parts black, coloured 
parts shaded. Constrictions 
indicate lobing. 
