74 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIII, January 1959 
Sexual Differentiation: Aside from the pri- 
mary sex organs there is in the males (but not 
the females) of Schindleria, especially in S. 
praematimis, a long urogenital papilla (Schind- 
ler, 1932: 6, 8; Bruun, 1940: 7, fig. 2). In addi- 
tion, the anus of both species lies farther back 
along the body in females than in males 
(Schindler, 1932: 6, 8; Bruun, 1940: 5). 
Soft Anatomy: In 1932 Schindler described 
the soft parts of Schindleria praematurus with 
special reference to the heart, swim-bladder, 
gills, and the digestive and urogenital sys- 
tems. None of the features described, nor the 
sexual differentiation, provides the present 
author with any clue as to the taxonomic 
relationships of the genus. 
^'Osteology': There is some difficulty in de- 
termining what should be included under 
"osteology.” Schindler (1932: 6) states: "An 
ossification or deposit of lime in the vertebrae 
is not present.” However, the vertebrae take 
up alizarin stain. In the account of the osteol- 
ogy that follows all those portions that stain 
with alizarin will be considered "ossifications.” 
As the final comment in his paper on 
Schindleria, Giltay (1934: 10) has said: "Des 
materiaux plus nombreux nous permettront 
de mieux definir ses affinites, surtout quand 
on aura mieux pu etudier le squellette qui est 
deja relativement bien developpe.” There are 
several difficulties with this proposition. First, 
additional material has been gathered and it 
has not helped much. Second, the degree of 
ossification in the additional specimens is 
about the same as in those taken earlier, and 
there seems little hope of finding an adult- 
type ossification in Schindleria. Third, the 
"ossification” that is present occurs to ap- 
proximately the same extent and in about the 
same areas as in a larval anchovy of the same 
size. To what extent this larval-type ossifica- 
tion in Schindleria is comparable to the bony 
structure of other adult fishes is an open ques- 
tion. (In this author’s opinion, the "ossifica- 
tions” that do occur in Schindleria are not of 
an adult fish type at all but are merely calcifi- 
cations of normally larval structures. Indeed, 
it seems that the adult Schindleria has retained 
larval features which have to some extent 
"ossified” precociously as compared to the 
ontogenetic development of the same fea- 
tures in normal fishes. If this is true, the 
calcifications in Schindleria bear little com- 
parison with normal adult fishes and are only 
incompletely comparable with any larval 
stage.) 
Judging from the absorbtion of alizarin 
stain, the jaws, vertebral centra, and fin rays 
are the best ossified portions of Schindleria. 
The upper jaw consists of a toothed pre- 
maxillary and a toothless maxillary of about 
equal length (Fig. 6a). The premaxillary has 
an upwardly projecting flange a little more 
than halfway out. The premaxillary pedicel is 
broad and low, articulating medially with a 
large cartilaginous (?) median pad and later- 
ally with the maxillary. The latter bone has an 
abrupt, sharp-angled bend (Fig. 6b) that 
hooks around the premaxillary pedicel; the 
bone then projects medially inside the pedicel. 
The lower jaw consists, so far as can be 
determined, of a single ossification (Fig. 6e), 
though an obscure "suture” between dentary 
and articular may have been missed. 
The suspensorium runs very obliquely for- 
ward in order to pass below the very large eye 
(Fig. 6c) between the skull and the lower jaw. 
The only portion of the suspensorium that 
takes stain is a long splint made up of the 
quadrate below and the hyomandibular above 
(Fig. 6e). From the rear of the hyomandibular 
projects an elongated, leaf-shaped operculum. 
The hyoid apparatus (Fig. 6e) consists of a 
vaguely ossified glossohyal in front, an elon- 
gate ceratohyal, and an epihyal. The last bone 
loops around posteriorly to join the upper 
portion of the hyomandibular. There are 5 
short branchiostegals; 2 on the ceratohyal and 
3 on the epihyal. There are 4 gill arches 
(Schindler, 1932: 11); the lower pharyngeals 
are separate. 
The forward portion of the cranium does 
not take up stain. To the rear above there are 
three small, partial ossifications which are here 
