Terrestrial Amphipoda — Hurley 
113 
noted, including one on the rainforests of 
Mexico, similarly fail to note their presence. 
(Allee’s paper, surprisingly, also fails to men- 
tion Collembola.) Strickland (1945) does not 
mention amphipods in a study of the soil and 
litter fauna of forest reserves and cacao estates 
in Trinidad, British West Indies, although 
his thorough sampling methods yielded Col- 
lembola and Isopoda4 The nearest to a South 
American report is Chilton’s description of 
Orchestia chiliensis var. gracilis found under 
stones on Juan Fernandez Island, 590 metres 
above the sea shore (Chilton, 1920). The 
shorehopper, Orchestia chiliensis s.str., is found 
on the littoral zone of Juan Fernandez— as 
well as in Chile and New Zealand. 
It is rather less surprising that terrestrial 
species should be absent from the European 
continent and the British Isles, especially 
when the type of forest found there is taken 
into consideration. It is indicative of this ab- 
sence that as recently as 1956 a reputable 
British authority should say: "While the 
Isopoda have . . . successfully invaded the 
land, and v/oodlice lead a completely ter- 
restrial existence, no Amphipoda occur right 
away from water, although some, like the 
sandhopper, live around the water’s edge. . . . 
Failure to evolve suitable habits may have 
prevented the amphipods from becoming 
truly terrestrial” (Hynes, 1956). (In view of 
my definition already given of "terrestrial” 
Amphipoda, it is pertinent to note his refer- 
ence to occurrence near water.) 
Bornebusch (1930), in an extensive survey 
of the Danish leafmould fauna, failed to re- 
cord any am.phipods whatsoever, although 
he listed Isopoda, Collembola, Diplopoda, 
and all other major groups commonly found 
associated with amphipods in New Zealand 
3 Since this paper was submitted, Dr. E. L. Bousfield 
has told me (personal communication) of a ''Talitri- 
ator (sens. Methuen)” from 4,200 feet altitude in Jamai- 
ca, B. W. I., and says, “It seems closest to T. east- 
woodae and may have been introduced, but its wide 
distribution remote from human habitation and at such 
altitudes suggests otherwise.” I suspect this will prove 
an exotic species, probably from Africa, associated 
with plantation introductions. (D. E. H.) 
leafmoulds. All other accounts of similar col- 
lections from the European continent are 
similarly lacking in amphipods. 
The only occurrences on the European 
continent or in the North American region 
are those recorded from botanical gardens or 
greenhouses where they have been acciden- 
tally introduced. In every case, the species 
concerned have since been tracked back to an 
endemic Pacific origin. 
Talitrus alluadi Chevreux was first recorded 
from the "serres chaudes dujardin des Plantes 
de Paris” (Chevreux, 1896). Considered iden- 
tical with this species are Orchestia senni, de- 
scribed by Menzel (1911) from the botanical 
garden at Basel, and Talitroides honnieri (the 
name proposed by Stebbing, 1906, for a spe- 
cies described by Bonnier, 1898) found in a 
conservatory at Ghent. This species, since 
found endemic in Seychelles, Madagascar, 
and Archipel de Gambler, Paumotu (Tau- 
motu Islands) and Java, has also been found 
in greenhouses or botanical gardens in Copen- 
hagen, Cambrai, Grenoble, several cities in 
Germany, Glasgow, and Norwich (Stephen- 
son, et al., 1924), and in New Jersey and 
Ohio, U.S.A. (Shoemaker, 1936). 
Talitrus hortulanus (Caiman, 1912) was de- 
scribed’ from the Royal Botanical Gardens, 
Kew, and has since been recorded from Samoa 
and the New Hebrides (Stephenson, 1943). 
Talitrus sylvaticus (Haswell) was recorded as 
Talitroides dorrieni (Hunt, 1925) from Tresco 
Abbey Gardens in the Scilly Isles. This spe- 
cies, described originally from Australia, has 
since been found under conditions which 
suggest that it is endemic to New Zealand. 
It may also be endemic in Australia or it may 
have been introduced sufficiently long ago 
from New Zealand to have achieved a fairly 
wide distribution and to show minor differ- 
ences in pleopod armature which possibly 
warrant subspecific rank (Hurley, 1955). 
Talitrus pacificus Hurley, known in the Pa- 
cific from Norfolk Island and Australia (Hur- 
ley, 1955) and from the Marquesas (Stephen- 
son, 1935, as T. sylvaticus) has also been 
