Hawaiian Conus — 'Kou.'N 
381 
Conus milkpunctatus Lamarck var. aldrovandi 
Dautzenberg, 1937, Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. 
Nat. Belg., 2(18): 171. (non aldrovandi 
Risso, 1826.) 
Conus litteratus pardus (Bolten), Suvatti, 
1938, Molluscs of Siam, p. 39. 
Conus litteratus pardus (Roding). Kira, 
1955, Coloured Ulus. Shells Japan, p. 72. 
Lithoconus kopardus (Roding). Kaicher 
1956, lodo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pi. 5, 
fig. 13. 
DESCRIPTION: Shell massive, conical. Body 
whorl with very obscure striae; base truncate; 
aperture rather narrow, the sides parallel. 
Shoulder smooth; spire depressed, spirally 
canaliculate and striate. Color of body whorl 
cream white, with many encircling rows of 
oblong bluish brown to black spots. One or 
two rows of small spots often alternate with 
one or two rows of large ones. The spots are 
more pronounced in smaller individuals. The 
body whorl of juvenile specimens is dark 
cream with narrow transverse white bands on 
which the dark spots are superimposed. The 
latter are more square than in adult speci- 
mens. Specimens 15 cm. or more in length 
may be almost completely unmarked. Color 
of aperture white or pale orange, sometimes 
yellow at the base. Periostracum olive brown, 
very thick, opaque. In life, exposed soft parts 
yellowish white, mottled with brown. 
LENGTH: Ordinarily 150-200 mm. This 
species is the largest representative of the 
genus in Hawaii. A specimen in the collection 
of Mr. C. S. Weaver of Honolulu measures 
221 X 124 mm. 
TYPE locality: None. 
REMARKS: Conus kopardus may be distin- 
guished from C. litteratus Linne, its closest 
relative, by the following characteristics: C 
litteratus, which does not occur in Hawaii, 
attains a length of only about 5 inches. It 
generally reaches its maximum width anterior 
of the shoulder, rather than at the shoulder, 
as in C. kopardus. The base of C. litteratus is 
pointed rather than truncate, and it typically 
bears a black smudge at the base of the aper- 
ture. The spots are more nearly similar in size 
and more square, and the shell typically bears 
two broad yellow bands. 
C kopardus is occasionally found on reef 
platforms but occurs more commonly in 
depths of one fathom or more in bays and 
offshore. It is known to occur to a depth of 
12 fathoms. Pleistocene fossils of C. kopardus 
are known from Oahu (Ostergaard, 1928). 
Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguiere 
Conus capitaneus Yd.T . 8. Gmelin, 1791, Syst. 
Nat., ed. 13, p. 3377. 
Conus capitaneus Nzt. C Gmelin, 1791, Syst. 
Nat., ed. 13, p. 3377. 
Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792, 
Enc. Meth. Vers, 1: 692, pi. 338, fig. 8. 
Cucullus cinamomeus Roding, 1798, Mus. 
Boltenianum, p. 43. 
Cucullus orkanus Roding, 1798, Mus. Bolteni- 
anum, p. 44. 
Conus suhcapitaneus Link, 1807, Beschr. Nat.- 
SammL Univ. Rostock, Abt. 3, p. 103. 
Conus lithoglyphus Bruguiere. Lamarck, 
1810, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 280. 
Conus lithoglyphus Lamarck. Dufo, 1840, 
Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 14: 175. 
Conus lacinulatus Kiener, 1845, Spec. Gen. 
Icon. Coq. Viv., 2: pi. 108, fig. 2, p. 312. 
Conus carpenteri Crosse, 1865, Jour. Conchy!., 
13: 302, pL 9, fig. T 
Q) Conus seychellensis 1874, Jour. Asiatic 
Soc. Bengal, 43(2) : 22. 
Conus lithoglyphus Reeve. Tomlin, 1937, 
Proc. Make. Soc. Lond., 22: 268. 
Dauciconus ermineus (Born), Cotton, 1945, 
Rec. South Austral. Mus., 8: 246. 
Conus lithographus. Platt, 1949, Natl. Geog. 
Mag., 96: 53, fig. 2. 
Conus inerwiis Born. Tinker, 1952, Pacific 
Sea Shells, p. 40. 
Lithoconus ermineus ifiom). Kaicher, 1956, 
Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, Sect. 5, pL 4, fig. 10. 
DESCRIPTION: Shell elongate; body whorl 
faintly and distantly striate toward the base. 
