78 
CARPINUS 
Southern Scandinavia (to 6o° 31' N.), Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, central 
Europe (to 1915 m. in the Tyrol), Russia, southern Europe. A closely allied species (F. orientalis 
Lipsky in Acta Hort. Petrop. xiv, 300 (1897)) occurs from Asia Minor to Persia. 
Family 2. CORYLACEAE 
Corylaceae Mirbel Elem. ii, 906 (1815); Loudon Arboret. Brit, iii, 1715 (1838) excluding Quercus , Fagus, 
and Castanea ; DC. Prodr. xvi, pt. ii, 124 (1864); Coryleae Meissner Gen. 257 (1842); Ascherson und Graebner 
Syn. iv, 370 (1910). 
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Stipules consisting of bud-scales, fugaceous. Catkins diclinous, 
compound ; staminate ones pendulous, pistillate ones either elongate and pendulous or abbreviated 
and bud-like. Staminate flowers with no perianth. Pistillate flowers with a minute perianth. True 
fruit a nut, more or less enclosed in a herbaceous or membranous involucre of bracts. 
4 genera ; north temperate zone. 
Genera of Corylaceae 
Genus 1. Carpinus (see below). Catkins appearing with the leaves. Pistillate catkins elongate, 
drooping, lax-flowered. Nut much smaller than the 3-lobed bract or involucre. 
Genus 2. Corylus (p. 7 9). Catkins appearing before the leaves. Pistillate catkins reduced, 
bud-like. Nut almost as long as the laciniate involucre. 
Genus 1. Carpinus 
Carpinus [Tournefort Inst. 582, t. 348 (1719)] L. Sp. PL 998 (1753) et Gen. PL ed. 5, 432 (1754) 
partim ; Scopoli Ft. Cam. ii, 243 (1772); Prantl in Pflanzenfam. iii, pt. i, 42 (1894); Ascherson und Graebner 
Syn. iv, 371 (1910). 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Catkins appearing with the leaves. Staminate catkins 
lateral, pendulous. Perianth absent. Stamens about 4 — 12 to each branch. Filaments branched 
almost from the base. (As both perianth and bracteoles are absent, it is scarcely possible to state 
whether 2 or 3 flowers are represented in each group of stamens.) Pistillate catkins terminal, 
pendulous. Cymes with 2 lateral flowers, the central one being suppressed, but all 6 bracteoles occur. 
Perianth minute. Ovary with 2 carpels, 2 loculi, and 2 stigmas. Fruit a small nut, at the base 
of a large 3-lobed involucre formed of the persistent, enlarged, and coherent bracteoles. 
About 20 species ; north temperate zone ; Mexico and South America. 
The only British species, C. betulus , belongs to the section Eu-Carpinus Sargant Silva N. Amer. ix, 40 (1896) distinguished 
by the broad scales of the staminate catkins and the leaf-like (not membranaceous) nature of the fruiting involucre. 
I. CARPINUS BETULUS. Hornbeam. Plate 80 
Betulus sive carpinus Gerard Herball 1296 (1597); Ostrya ulmo similio fructu in umbilicus foliaceis Ray Syn. 
ed. 3, 451 (1724)- 
Carpinus betulus L. Sp. PI. 998 (1753)!; Smith FI. Brit. 1029 (1804); Eng. FI. iv, 156 (1828); Syme 
Eng. Bot. viii, 176 (1868); Ascherson und Graebner Syn. iv, 372 (1910); Rouy FI. France xii, 303 (1910); 
C. vulgaris Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1 (1768). 
leones: — Ft. Dan. t. 1345; Reichenbach Icon. t. 632, fig. 1296. 
Exsiccata : — Borbas 4695 (a cordate-leaved form); Dorfler, 4694 (a big-leaved form); Rauscher, 2285 (a 
cordate-leaved form); Reichenbach, 1637. 
Tree, growing to a height of about 25 — 30 m. Bark smooth, dark grey. Winter buds rather long 
(ca. 7 — 8 mm.), pointed. Petioles long (ca. i - 5cm.). Laminae ovate, rather unequal at the base, the 
larger side being nearer the branch (cf. Ulmus ), doubly serrate, acute to acuminate, chief veins 
prominent and parallel and hairy on the lower surface. Anthers hairy at the top. Catkins appearing 
with the leaves ; early to mid-April. Nuts about o - 6 cm. long and o'4 broad. 
(a) C. betulus var. genuina Syme Eng. Bot. viii, 176 (1868). 
leones : — Hartig, Forst. Bot. t. 21, as Carpinus betultis. 
Camb. Brit. FI. ii. Plate 80. (a) Twig in early spring, (b) Shoot with staminate and pistillate catkins. 
(c) Opening leaf-bud. (d) Groups of staminate flowers and bracts, (e) Fertile shoot in autumn. (/) Ripe 
fruits. Huntingdonshire (E. W. H.). 
