94 
ULMUS 
A form with smaller leaves than usual was named U stricta 
of our elms have analogous small-leaved forms. 
The earliest varietal name for this tree is var. argutifolia by 
Stokes (Joe. cit., 1812), though it is sometimes cited as var. suberosa 
Wahlenberg FI. Carpat. 71 (1814). All our elms except U. glabra 
are sometimes suberous ; and therefore every name referring to this 
character is to be mistrusted unless other distinguishing characters are 
clearly described. 
In his account (Joe. cit.) of U. sativa, Miller states that “it 
is not a native of England ” ; but opinions on the indigenousness 
or otherwise of plants by eighteenth century botanists, especially by 
those with horticultural leanings like Miller, are not, as a rule, to 
be taken very seriously. For example, in the first edition of his 
Dictionary (1731) Miller states of our elms that “it is generally 
believed that neither of ’em were originally Natives of this Country,” 
although everyone nowadays agrees that the wych elm ( U. glabra) at 
least is unmistakably indigenous. 
Miller also states that U. sativa was, in his day, “commonly 
known in the nursery gardens by the title of the English elm,” 
but rightly adds that this “is far from being a right appellation.” 
var. parvifolia by Lindley Syn. 227 (1829)!: most 
Local, in southern England; from Hampshire, 
Gloucestershire, and Glamorganshire to Essex and 
Lincolnshire, but chiefly in eastern England. 
Map 12. Distribution of Ulmus sativa in England 
and Wales 
Western Europe (local), central and southern Europe; western Asia. 
Series ii. Campestres 
Campestres nobis. 
For characters, see page 89. Only species: — U. campestris. 
4. ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. English Elm. Plates 102, 103 
Ulmus Gerard Herb. 1296 (1597); U. vulgatissima folio lato scabro Goodyer in Gerard Herb. ed. 2, 1478 
[bis] (1636); Ray Syn. ed. 3, 468 (1724); U. vulgaris Parkinson Theatr. Bot. 1403 (1640). 
Ulmus campestris L. Sp. PI. 225 (1753) partim ; FI. Angl. 13 (1754); Hudson FI. Angl. 94 (1762) 
excl. var. /3 ; Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 1 (1768); Gray Nat. Arr. ii, 250 (1821); Moss in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 
li, 199 (1912); U. campestris var. vulgaris Aiton Hort. Kew. i, 319 (1789); U. procera Salisbury Prodr. 391 (1796); 
U. suberosa Smith Eng. Bot. xxxi, no. 2161 (1810) excl. syn. Gerard et syn. Willdenow et syn. Ehrhart ; U. surculosa 
var. latifolia Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. ii, 36 (1812); Ulmus atinea Walker Essays Nat. Hist. 70 (1812); U. suberosa 
var. vulgaris Hooker and Arnott Brit. FI. 376 (1850) partim ; U. surculosa Ley in Journ. Bot. xlviii, 72 (1910). 
leones: — Smith Eng. Bot. t. 2161 as U. suberosa-. this figure, though good, is one of the few illustrations 
of Eng. Bot. ed. 1 not repeated by Syme in Eng. Bot. ed. 3. 
Camb. Brit. FI. ii. Plate 102. (a) Winter-twig. ( b ) Flowering twig, (c) Flowers (enlarged), (d) Ovary. 
(e) Outer scale of flower-bud (enlarged), (f) Fruits, (g) Twig with fruits. Plate 103. Shoot with leaves. 
Huntingdonshire. (E. W. H.). 
Exsiccata : — Ehrhart Arb. 142 (from Holland); in herb. Lindley, Herb. Univ. Cantab., labelled “ Aranjuez, 
[Spain] Capt. Cooke.” 
Tree attaining a height of nearly 40 m., suckering freely. This and x Populus serotina 
are the tallest British trees. Trunk long and straight. Timber reddish, said to be of ex- 
cellent quality. Bark rough and furrowed. Branches — lower ones very large and wide-spreading, 
usually lopped ; upper ones ascending ; all the main branches ending in great masses of dense and 
heavy foliage in summer. Young branches rather stout, hairy, becoming more or less striate in the 
second year. Winter-buds large and hairy. Petioles about o'4 cm. long, hairy. Laminae — terminal ones 
elliptical-ovate, about 6 cm. long and 4*5 broad ; lower ones suborbicular, subcordate and asymmetrical 
at the base, doubly serrate, rather acuminate, hairy and rough above, softly hairy underneath ; of 
the suckers, much smaller, narrower, and rougher above. One of the last of our elms to shed its 
foliage in autumn. Inflorescence rather large, with the flowers crowded. Bracts much longer than 
broad, fringed with fine hairs. Pedicels very short. Flowers opening in February or early March. 
Perianth with 4 segments, green, tipped with red, segments ciliate. Stamens 4. Filaments reddish. 
