ULMUS 
95 
Anthers large, dark purple. Fruit suborbicular, small (about i’2 — 1 - 5 cm. in diameter). Seed 
between the centre and the notch ; notch conspicuous, its aperture closed, not angled but evenly 
curved at the base, reaching almost to the seed. 
It is most remarkable that Syme does not include the English elm in his edition of Eng. Bot., and that he even 
excludes Smith’s excellent figure of it (Eng. Bot. ed. i, t. 2161). 
Various conjectures have from time to time been hazarded to the effect that the English elm was brought into this 
country from some foreign land. It has been stated, for example, that it was brought from Palestine by the Crusaders 
(Hooker and Arnott Brit. FI. ed. 5, p. 376). However, the tree is not known to occur in Palestine. It is said to occur 
in the royal gardens of Spain; and Evelyn (Sylva ed. 4 (1706)) states that these trees were taken there from England in 
the sixteenth century. There is a Spanish specimen by Lindley from Aranjuez in Herb. Univ. Cantab. The foliage 
specimen in Herb. Smith of U. suberosa by Ehrhart (Arb. no. 142), from Holland, is also the English elm or a plant very 
closely resembling it. It was doubtless because of the name which Ehrhart attached to this specimen that Smith named 
the English elm U. suberosa ; and it was then a natural consequence that Smith should reserve the name U. campestris 
for the U. campestris var. ft of his FL Brit., i.e., for U. sativa Miller. 
Professor A. Henry informs us that he obtained fruits from the Spanish trees, and that their seeds germinated ; but the 
samarae with which we were supplied were obovate and not subrotund as in the English elm : he also states that he raised 
four seedlings from English trees in 1909. 
Very common in copses, hedgerows, and parklands in the lowlands of southern England, 
especially in the Thames valley, in Somerset, and in the western Midlands ; very rare in Cornwall ; 
local in East Anglia; rare on the Pennines where, as a planted tree, it occurs up to about 140m.; 
very rare in southern and eastern Scotland where it only grows to about half its normal size ; 
no certain record for Wales or Ireland. The tree appears to prefer deep, damp soils, especially 
alluvial deposits ; and indeed we suspect it may have been a constituent of the original forests— 
now almost entirely destroyed — of such alluvial soils. 
Holland (? indigenous), Spain (? indigenous). 
Series iii. Glabrae 
Glabrae nobis. 
For characters, see page 89. Only British species : — U. glabra. 
5. ULMUS GLABRA. Wych Elm. Plates 104, 105; 94, 95, 96, 97 
Ulmus latifolia Gerard Herb. 1297 ( 1 597) » U. folio latissimo scabro Goodyer in Gerard Herb. ed. 2, 1481 
(1636); Ray Syn. ed. 3, 469 (1724); U. latioris Parkinson Theatr. Bot. 1403 (1640); U. montana C. Bauhin 
Pinax 427 (1671). 
Ulmus glabra Hudson FI. Angl. 95 (1762) excluding var. ft ; Moss in Gat'd. Chron. ser. 3, li, 199 et 
217 (1912); U. scabra Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2 (1768); Ascherson und Graebner Syn. iv, 560 ( 1 9 1 1 ) 
excl. syn. Miller et syn. Smith p. 565; U. campestris Duroi Harbk. Wilde Baumz. 495 (1772); Pallas FI. Ross. 
i, 75 O784); Hooker Brit. FI. ed. 6, 376 (1850); non L. ; U. montana Stokes in Withering Arr. Brit. PI. 
ed. 2, i, 259 (1787); U. effusa Sibthorp FI. Oxon. 87 (1794); Abbot FI. Bedf. 55 (1798); non Willdenow ; 
U. campestris var. latifolia Aiton Hort. Kew. i, 319 (1789); U. montana var. genuina Syme Eng. Bot. viii, 142 
(1868) excluding tab. 1287; U. scabra var. montana Rouy FI. France xii, 267 (1910). 
leones : — Sv. Bot. t. 13, as U. campestris-, Reichenbach Icon. t. 661, fig. 1331, as U. campestris-, t. 662, 
fig. 1332, as U. montana-, FI. Dan. t. 2532, as U. montana. 
The young branch of the figure in Smith t. 1887, as U. montana, belongs either to a shade-grown form of this species 
or to a different species. 
Camb. Brit. FI. ii. Plate iop. (a) Flowering twig. ( b ) Flowers (enlarged), (c) Ovary (enlarged), (d) Twig 
with ripe fruits, (e) Outer scales of flower-bud (enlarged). (/) Apex of fruit (enlarged). Plate 105. Shoot with 
leaves. Huntingdonshire (E. W. H.). 
Exsiccata : — Billot, 1764, as U. montana ; Fries, xii, 63, as U. montana ; Kerner (FI. Exs. Austr.), 264, as 
U. campestris-, Herb. FI. Ingric. ix, 580, as U. montana. 
Tree, attaining a height of about 30 m., usually without suckers. Timber said to be not very 
serviceable. Bark of young trees smooth, of old trees rough. Branches somewhat spreading, more 
or less arched and drooping at the extremities. Young branches thick, hairy, remaining smooth 
(i.e., not striate) in the second year, not becoming suberous, pale brown in colour. Winter-buds 
large and hairy. Petioles shorter than in any of the preceding species, usually hidden by the base 
