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PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XX, January 1966 
only through the quick construction of a rock 
retaining wall to halt washout by high seas that 
followed the storm on January 6. The tree is 
the larger one on the beach in the 1926 snap- 
shot (Fig. 3), and the retaining wall built in 
1962 is shown in a 1964 photograph (Fig. 4). 
On the basis of these photographs and personal 
conversations between Apple and Eli Carter, 
who was born and raised at Honaunau Bay and 
was the keeper of the former County park, we 
estimate the head of the cove has moved at least 
20 feet inland since the early 1920’s. 
A series of photographs of a dry masonry 
ramp, built in 1868 to permit horses to pass 
along the coast up and down Ke-ana-e’e cliff 
( Fig. 2 ) , indicates rapid deterioration of the 
ramp since 1950 (Apple, 1962: figs. 22-25). 
Because of its exposed position in Ki’ilae Bay, 
the ramp is struck by waves during storms and 
high seas. Apparently the ramp stood almost in- 
tact from 1868 to 1950, but a displacement of 
rocks occurred on its seaward side near the top 
during the intense earthquake of August, 1951 
(Macdonald and Wentworth, 1951). Subsequent 
sea action opened and widened the damaged 
area so that by 1963 passage over the ramp was 
dangerous. The National Park Service repaired 
the ramp in 1963, using concealed steel rein- 
forcements and mortar because of the frequent 
high wave conditions. The earthquake damage 
in 1951 may have been the result of more 
frequent wetting and lubrication of the dry ma- 
sonry by splash from waves. The rapid sub- 
sequent expansion of the damaged area was 
Fig. 3. Head of Ke-one-ele cove, looking south, in 1 926. The larger tree on the beach is the one referred 
to in Figure 4. (Snapshot by Rev. A. A. Baker, courtesy of Mrs. Burton J. Loucks. City of Refuge negative 
846.) 
