Copulation of Hemigrapsus crenulatus ■ — Yaldwyn 
385 
the Grapsidae; no courtship was observed, the 
female was in the hard-shell condition, and it 
appears that, at least some of the time, the posi- 
tion was female-over-male. This latter point, 
however, is not specifically covered in the notes, 
the only record now of these observations, al- 
though the remark "they could move whichever 
way up they were” implies that both positions 
were seen. This was probably due to the dis- 
turbed nature of the relationship. We can as- 
sume that the female was not ovigerous, because 
if she had been this extraordinary fact would 
have' been clearly visible under the folded-back 
abdomen. 
Allowing for the incomplete nature of these 
observations, copulation has now been recorded 
in the Grapsidae for three species of the genus 
Hemigrapsus and one of Pachygrapsus, all from 
the Pacific area. 
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Dell, R. K. 1963. Nature in New Zealand. 
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ton, N. Z. 64 pp., numerous figs. 
Garth, J. S. 1957. The Crustacea Decapoda 
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