190 Farmer and Digby. — Studies in Apospory and 
cells, instead of from spores which had not undergone meiosis, and in 
the Hart’s-tongue the gametophyte arises still more directly from the 
sporophyte (leaves). Rosenberg has recently shown in Hieracium excellens 
and H. Jiagellare 1 that one and the same plant may show differences in the 
seat of origin of its gametophyte. Some of his plants were normal, and 
produced a postmeiotic gametophyte in an ordinary embryo-sac or spore. 
Others formed a macrospore but omitted meiosis. Others, again, replaced 
the developing, but finally aborting, spores by a cell originating from 
the nucellar tissue, i. e. from an extra-archesporial cell, just as in the 
varieties clarissima of Athyrium. 
In the two last cases the sporophyte arose apogamously from an 
oosphere already provided with the premeiotic number of chromosomes. 
Juel 2 has also shown in Taraxacum that whilst meiosis occurs in connexion 
with the formation of the microspores, it is absent from the series leading 
to the formation of the macrospore and oosphere. Furthermore, in connexion 
with the mitosis leading to the formation of the macrospore or embryo-sac, 
he makes the interesting observation that the earlier stages of nuclear 
division indicate the onset of the meiotic phase. The appearance is, 
however, transitory, and the mitosis soon assumes the character of an 
ordinary premeiotic division. A somewhat similar state of things was also 
described by Strasburger 3 for the Eualchemillas , in which Murbeck 4 had 
also discovered that apogamy occurred. 
A fusion of the nuclei of the vegetative cells closely similar to, but 
indeed not physiologically identical with, what happens in the polydactyla 
varieties of the Male Fern, has been shown by V. H. Blackman 5 to take 
place in the Uredineae, and perhaps in a more disguised form in the 
Ascomycetes. Possibly the cases of anomalous conjugation of cells 
belonging to the same filament in Spirogyra might be looked upon as 
examples of an analogous nature. 
It would thus seem to be desirable to restrict the term apogamy, or 
Eu-apogamy , to those examples in which, as in Athyrium , Eualchemilla , 
&c., there is no pretence of, as there is no obvious need for, fertilization 
of any kind ; and we would suggest the term P seud-apogamy to cover those 
instances in which the sexual fusion of gametes is replaced by a fusion of 
ordinary gametophytic nuclei which, morphologically, are not sexually 
differentiated. This would include the process as it occurs in the Uredineae 
1 Rosenberg, O., Ueber d. Embryobildung in d. Gattung Hieracium, Ber. d. Deutschen Bot. 
Gesellsch., Bd. xxiv. 
2 Juel, H. O., Die T etradentheilungen bei Taraxacum u. anderen Cichorieen, Kongl. Svenska 
Vet. Ak. Handlingar, Bd. 39. 
3 Strasburger. D., Die Apogamie der Eualchimillen. Pringsh. Jahrb. f. vviss. Bot., Bd. xli. 
4 Murbeck, Sv., Parthenogenetische Embryobildung in der Gattung AlcAemi/la. Lunds Univer- 
sitets Arsskrift, Bd. 36. 
5 Blackman, V. H., On the Fertilization, Alternation of Generations, and General Cytology of the 
Uredineae. Ann. Bot., vol. xviii. 
