2 1 8 Wigglesworth.— The young Sporophytes of 
which I examined, and which contained numerous (as many as seventy) 
roots in the cortex, in one or two cases the xylems had not joined 
up to form the crescent-shaped mass on leaving the main stele, but 
remained separate, resembling those of the rootlet shown in PI. XXII, 
Fig. 3; and Jones also noted a few similar cases. Thus the root running 
through the cortex does not differ materially from the other roots of the 
young sporophyte as far as the vascular structure is concerned. 
(c) Comparison of the vascular structure of the root of mature plants 
of L. clavatum, L. complanatum, and other Lycopodiaceae with that of the 
young Sporophytes. In the adult plants of L. clavatum and complanatum 
a polyarch vascular bundle is found in the root ; the arrangement is radial 
with the xylem plates often united in the centre. Unequal branching, 
however, results in the formation of slender branches bearing a much 
smaller number of xylem groups, and in the finest branches of all a 
monarch or collateral arrangement occurs. The root of the young sporo- 
phyte resembles some of these finer ramifications of the roots of the adult 
plants in its vascular structure. In L. Selago and L. inundatum , according 
to Russow and others, the xylem is diarch and the two masses unite into 
a single one, which is crescentic in shape, with the phloem in the hollow 
of the crescent. Jones 1 also found that in the greater number of the 
roots which run through the stems of such species as L. Selago , L . ser- 
ratum , L. squarrosum , a similar arrangement occurs, although in a few cases, 
as mentioned above, the two xylem groups remain separate. In Engler 
and Prantl’s 2 Pflanzenfamilien a figure of the stem of L. Phlegmaria 
is shown, in which there is a rootlet in the cortex, with three groups of 
xylem united in the centre. This arrangement approaches that occurring 
at the base of the first root of the young sporophytes of L. clavatum 
and complanatum , but differs in having all the xylem groups united in 
the centre, a condition which is found in the upper part of the stems of 
the young sporophytes and in slender branches of the adult stem of 
L. complanatum. 
According to Campbell 3 , who takes Bertrand as his authority, the root 
of Phylloglossum is diarch, but Bower 4 , in his paper on Phylloglossum read 
before the Royal Society in 1885, describes and figures a monarch or 
collateral root. Some specimens of this interesting plant which I had the 
opportunity of examining, as a number had been sent to Prof. Weiss from 
New Zealand, showed a monarch root-structure similar to that described 
by Bower, but in one case a structure very similar to that occurring in 
L. Selago appeared — a crescent-shaped mass of xylem with small elements 
1 Jones, loc. cit., pp. 28 and 29. 
2 Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, vol. iv, p. 579, Fig. 365. 
3 Campbell’s Mosses and Ferns (new edition), p. 503. 
4 Bower, Phylloglossum Drummondi, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 1885, Part II, p. 674. 
