2 2 2 
WiggleswortJi— T he young Sporophytes of 
sporophyte showed three groups of xylem at the base of the root, but 
throughout the greater part of the foot region two of the groups united, 
but separated out again above the foot, forming an arrangement similar 
to that at the base of the root. 
C. Stem . 
(a) General structure . Transverse sections through the stem (PL XXII, 
Figs, ii, 14, 15) show that the centre is occupied by a single stele, which 
remains undivided except where branching occurs, and, as Mr. C. E. Jones 1 
points out, there is no evidence from the structure of the young sporo- 
phyte in favour of the view put forward by Strasburger that the central 
cylinder of Lycopodium may be regarded as gamostelic, in the ordinary 
sense of the word. The xylem consists of narrow spiral or annular 
protoxylem elements, which generally form bow-shaped groups. The 
metaxylem shows transitions from pitted to scalariform elements. In 
the narrower elements the pits appear rounded, and extend across the 
breadth of the tracheides, in the wider elements they are elliptical in 
shape, and appear as bordered pits, whilst in the widest elements they 
are much elongated in a radial direction, forming scalariform tracheides, 
or they remain small, several rows appearing on the longitudinal walls (see 
PI. XXII, Fig. 16). The metaxylem elements are formed centripetally, and 
generally connect two or more of the groups of protoxylem. Near the foot 
region these groups may remain unconnected, the phloem occupying the 
central portion of the stele, as is usually the case with the root whether 
diarch or triarch, but at the point where the first root comes off a fusion 
usually occurs. 
PI. XXII, Fig. 14 shows a transverse section of the lower part of the 
young sporophyte figured in PI. XXII, Fig. 2. Here it will be seen that 
the central mass of metaxylem has become quite separated off ; this, how- 
ever, is not the usual condition ; generally, the central metaxylem is con- 
nected with one or more protoxylem groups (see Diagram 1, Fig. 12). 
Alternating with the xylem groups are the phloem elements, consist- 
ing of sieve-tubes and parenchyma. The sieve-tubes are long and narrow ; 
the walls appear to be covered with very finely pitted areas in older parts 
of the mature plant of L. complanatum. In this they agree with larger 
forms of Lycopodium , such as L. Hippuris , where the walls of the sieve-tubes 
have apparently sieve-plates, the pitted areas of which lie so close together 
that a reticulate appearance is given (see PI. XXII, Fig. 21). 
With regard to the contents of the sieve-tubes, negative results were 
obtained on testing for leptomin with guaiacum and hydrogen peroxide and 
with alpha naphtha dissolved in water and hydrogen peroxide ; this may, 
1 Jones, loc. cit.,pp. 17, 2 7. ...... 
