Pseudoseisms from Military Exercises — Krivoy, Johnson, and Koyanagi 
123 
Fig. 3. State of Hawaii east of Oahu, showing locales discussed in the text. The area enlarged in Figure 
1 is outlined herein. Stipples indicate direction and travel time of advancing wave front. 
series of events was recorded between 18:03 
and 20:25 and most people who were called 
were watching television. A fourth series was 
recorded on 29 October 1963. It was sensed at 
the summit of Kilauea, but no calls were re- 
ceived from other places. 
The third and fourth series of events pre- 
sented a picture quite like the first two and have 
been only summarized in this presentation. 
Average differences between arrival times at 
Mauna Loa and at each of the other stations, 
for each of the four series of disturbances, are 
presented in Table 3. 
The fourth column of Table 3 corresponds to 
the fourth series (of five events) which was 
confirmed to be sonic in nature but was not 
recorded at Mauna Loa. Relative arrival times 
of the 29 October 1963 series at Desert, 
Uwekahuna, and Ahua are similar to those of 
the three earlier series. 
ORIGIN OF THE DISTURBANCES 
After the first series of disturbances on 19 
and 20 December 1961, it was ascertained that 
Navy bombing exercises had been conducted 
during the suspect time-intervals. The target 
islands Kahoolawe and Kaula Rock had been 
"dive bombed" by aircraft from the carrier USS 
"Coral Sea," using 500- and 1,000-lb bombs 
which exploded on contact (rather than above 
or within the ground). Figure 3 shows the 
Hawaiian Islands east of Oahu and indicates 
sectors of airspace traversed during successive 
1 -minute intervals by sonic wave fronts which 
originated at Kahoolawe. The region on Hawaii 
