Vogtia kuruae n. sp. — A lvarino 
239 
TABLE 2 ( Continued ) 
EXPEDITION OR 
DEPTH IN 
CRUISE 
POSITION 
METERS 
STATION 
Atlantic Ocean 
Lusiad 
00°56'N, 11°29'W 
2300-0 
79 
1963 
01°25'N, 11°43'W 
18°58'S, 10°15'W 
18°30'S, 
2000-0 
55 
19°13'S, 13°44'W 
18° 58S', 13°37'W 
2000-0 
52 
30°09'S, 04°42'W 
30°07'S, 05°15'W 
3500-0 
24 
32°30'S, 09°04'E 
32°24 , S, 08°25'E 
3400-0 
14 
33°47'S, 15°48'E 
33°46'S, 15°29'E 
2000-0 
11 
* This species did not appear in the one-meter net oblique tows taken from various depths (356-200 m) to the surface. 
The records included correspond to mid-water trawls. 
** In the small number of stratified samples obtained during this expedition, the species occurred in only a few, and always at 
depths below 300 m. 
*** It is interesting to note that the species occurred in the upper 300 m in the tropical regions, or in zones of upwelling 
in subtropical waters (CalcoFi records). This emergence of the populations in the tropical regions is not apparently related to 
either temperature or salinity; but it might be associated with the oxygen concentration, or indirectly with the inorganic- 
organic phosphate-phosphorus (see Reid, 1965: Figs. 2-5). 
perfect circle. In the nectosac the four radial 
channels follow nearly direct courses, as in Hip- 
popodius hippopus. There is a crescent ventral 
sinus, which appears mostly in an M shape, a 
distinctive characteristic of the species, but in 
most of the nectophores it is not clearly seen. 
Sometimes the middle pyramid of the necto- 
phores is more enlarged (Fig. 1) than the others 
(as in Bigelow, 1931: Fig. 190). This might 
be related to the age of the nectophore. 
The five loose nectophores collected at Cocos 
(4°56'N, 84°35'W), provisionally referred to 
V. s errata Moser by Bigelow (1931), probably 
belong to the present species, "because they 
entirely lack the large conical gelatinous spines 
so characteristic of V. spinosa and of V. penta- 
canthd' and because of "their peculiarly elon- 
gated outline with pyramidal apex, much more 
prominent than in any Vogtia previously de- 
scribed." 
Likewise, the nectophores determined as be- 
longing to V. pentacantha (Bigelow, 1913) 
later corrected to V. serrata (Bigelow and Sears, 
1937) might be V. kuruae , especially those 
shown in Bigelow’s Plate 5, Figure 9- Bigelow 
(1913) stated, "In pentacantha the surfaces of 
the facets are smooth at all ages,” and later he 
added, "But in the present species the older 
nectophores have no spines at all. The ridges, 
like the facets are perfectly smooth, though in 
the very youngest nectophores the margins of 
the facets are always ? more or less irregular, 
and I found one in which they are distinctly 
spinous." It could be that Bigelow’s (1913) 
material included both V. pentacantha or V . ser- 
rata and the present species, because his Figure 
9 in Plate 5 is rather different from the others, 
and similar to V. kuruae. In V. kuruae n. sp. 
I found that both young and old nectophores 
present smooth ridges and facets, a characteristic 
which does not correspond to any of the existing 
described species. 
The nectophores of the four species previ- 
ously described differ in details of form, as is 
clearly shown when comparing the present fig- 
ures of V. kuruae with the published descrip- 
tions of the other species. See Bigelow, 1911: 
210, pi. 15, figs. 5-13; 1913:66, pi. 5, figs. 
7-8; 1918:405, 406, 407, pi. 4, figs. 1-7; 
1931:537, 538; Browne, 1926:61; Chun, 
1897:35, pi. 1, figs. 11-14; Haeckel, 1888:177, 
182, 364, pi. 29, figs. 9-14; Keferstein and 
Ehlers, 1861:24, pi. 5, figs. 16-17; Kolliker, 
1853:31, pk 8, figs. 1-8; Leloup, 1933:17, 18, 
19; 1934:6; Moser, 1925:420, pi. 27, figs. 6-8, 
pi. 28, figs. 8-9; Totton, 1932:331. 
