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PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XXI, July 1967 
TABLE 3 
Muscle Terminology for Ventral Gill Arch Muscles in 
Anguilla 
PRESENT TERMINOLOGY 
DIETZ (1912) 
KESTEVEN (1943) 
Obliquus 1 (01 ) 
Obi. I 
Subarc. obi. 1 
Obliquus 2 (02) 
Obi. II 
Subarc. obi. 2 
Obliquus 3 (03) 
Obi. Ill 
Subarc. obi. 3 
Rectus 2 (R2) 
Interarc. I/ll 
none 
Rectus 3 (R3) 
Interarc. II/III 
none 
Rectus 4 (R4) 
Interarc. III/IV 
none 
Rectus communis (RC) 
Interarc. I/IV 
Rectus 
Trans versus anterior (AT) 
Trans. IV 
Transversus 
Transversus posterior (PT) 
Trans. V 
Transversus 
Pharyngo-clavicularis (PC) 
Phar.-clav. ex. + int. 
Clav.-pharyng. ext. 
Adductor 5 ( A5 ) 
none 
none 
Retractor ventralis (VR) 
none 
none 
Sphincter oesophagi (S) 
Pharynxmuskulatur 
Sphincter oesophagi 
TABLE 4 
Muscle Terminology 
for Dorsal Gill Arch Muscles in 
Anguilla 
PRESENT TERMINOLOGY 
dietz (1912) 
KESTEVEN (1943) 
Levator externus 1 (ELI) 
Lev. ext. I 
none 
Levator externus 2 (EL2) 
Lev. ext. II 
Lev. ext. 2 
Levator externus 3 (EL3) 
Lev. ext. Ill 
Lev. ext. 3 
Levator externus 4 (EL4) 
Lev. ext. IV 
Lev. ext. 4 
Levator internus 1 (ILl ) 
Lev. int. I? 
Retractor dorsalis 
Levator internus 2 (IL2) 
Lev. ext. IV 
Lev. int. 
Obliquus inferior 1 (IOl) 
Obliq. inf. hy/I 
none 
Obliquus inferior 2 (102) 
Obliq. inf. I/II 
none 
Obliquus inferior 3 (103) 
Obliq. inf. II/III 
none 
Obliquus inferior accessorius (AO) 
none 
none 
Obliquus superior (SO) 
Obliq. sup. ant. 
Epiarc. obi. 1 
Obliquus posterior (PO) 
Obliq. dors. post. 
Epiarc. obi. 2 
Adductor 4 (A4) 
none 
none 
Retractor dorsalis (DR) 
none 
none 
Uropterygius 
The ventral muscles are similar to those of 
Kaupichthys but are reduced in number (Ta- 
ble 1). The dorsal muscles are shown in Fig- 
ure 9. Levators are lacking, having been 
replaced it seems by two new muscles, one 
extending between the cranium and UP3-4, 
the medial protractor (MP), the other extend- 
ing between the cranium and E4, the posterior 
protractor (PP). 
Gymnothorax 
The ventral muscles are similar to those of 
Uropterygius with the exception of the sub- 
pharyngealis, which appears subdivided into 
many parts (interbranchial attractors). These 
are shown in Figure 10. The dorsal muscles 
(Fig. 11) resemble those of Kaupichthys more 
than those of Uropterygius. However, they do 
include a medial protractor. They include in 
addition a lateral protractor extending between 
UP3-4 and the ventral part of the hyoid arch, 
attaching there in common with the ventral 
muscles LAl, OAl-2. The dorsal retractors 
attach in common with the ventral retractors 
to the ventral surfaces of the 1 3 th— 1 5 th 
vertebrae. 
