94 
HE TEROCHLAMYDEAE 
heterochlamydeous except rarely monochlamydeous by reduction, hypogynous, the parts often in 
whorls of 2 or 4. Carpels co — 2, usually superior, syncarpous. Integuments 2. 
The order has probably arisen directly from Ranunculalian-like ancestors. 
Order 3. Sarraceniales (see Volume iv). Insectivorous herbs. Flowers hemicyclic to cyclic, 
homochlamydeous to heterochlamydeous, actinomorphic, hypogynous. Carpels 3 — 5, syncarpous, with 
parietal or axile placentation. Seeds 00 , minute, with endosperm. 
Like the Papaverales, this order also has probably arisen from Ranunculalian-like ancestors. 
(y) Order with, hypogyny and apocarpy still occurring in the more prbnitive forms , but with increasing frequency of 
perigyny and hemi-epigyny due to the hollowing of the receptacle 
Order 4. Rosales (see Volume iv). Receptacle usually more or less concave. Flowers hemi- 
cyclic (as in the subfamily Roso'ideae ) to cyclic (usually), heterochlamydeous except rarely mono- 
chlamydeous by reduction (as in Alchemilla and Poterium ), actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hypogynous 
to hemi-epigynous. Stamens often co . Carpels often 00 , usually apocarpous. Placenta often thick. 
Ovules often co . 
This is a very large order, the family Viciaceae (or Leguminosae ) alone containing nearly 12,000 species. The more 
primitive members of the order are characterised by hypogyny, numerous stamens and carpels, and apocarpy : they thus have 
several features in common with the more primitive members of the Ranunculales and both groups doubtless diverged from 
a common ancestral stock. Zygomorphy, coalescence of the stamens, perigyny, and hemi-epigyny are, however, of much more 
frequent occurrence in the higher members of the Rosales than of the Ranunculales. 
It appears to us that the preceding three groups of orders (a, / 3 , and y) might appropriately be united under the 
name Ranunculariae. 
(5) Order with hypogyny usually persisting but apocarpy rare , with prevailing syncarpy , with prevailing oligomery 
of the essential whorls , and with pleiomery rare 
Order 5. Geraniales (see Volume vi). Herbs in all the British forms. Flowers cyclic, 
primitively heterochlamydeous, rarely monochlamydeous or even achlamydeous (e.g., in Euphorbia ) by 
reduction, usually pentamerous. Carpels 5 — 2, usually syncarpous. Ovules rarely 00, usually 2 or 1, 
anatropous, pendulous ; raphe either ventral and micropyle directed upwards, or (when more than 1 
ovule is present) with single ones showing raphe dorsal and micropyle directed downwards. 
Order 6. Sapindales (see Volume vi). Closely allied to Geraniales, but (in the British forms) all 
woody plants except Impatiens, differing from Geraniales in the orientation of the ovule which is 
either pendulous with the raphe dorsal and the micropyle directed downwards, or ascending with 
the raphe and the micropyle directed downwards. 
Order 7. Rhamnales (see Volume vi). Flowers tetracyclic, heterochlamydeous or mono- 
chlamydeous by reduction. Stamens in 1 whorl, antipetalous. Carpels 5 — 2, syncarpous, each with 
2 — 1 ovules. Ovules ascending ; raphe dorsal, lateral, or ventral ; integuments 2. 
Order 8. Malvales (see Volume vi). Flowers cyclic, except sometimes the androecium, hetero- 
chlamydeous, monoclinous, usually actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Calyx usually pentamerous, 
sepals usually valvate in bud. Corolla usually pentamerous. Stamens either in 2 whorls with the 
inner one branched, or 00 . Carpels 2 — 00 , usually syncarpous ; ovules 00 — 1, anatropous ; integuments 2. 
This fourth group of orders (8) seems rather out of place here, being less obviously connected with the first three groups 
(a, /3, and y) of orders than those are to the fifth group of orders (e). However, it is a natural group on the whole. The 
Geraniales and Sapindales are without doubt closely allied ; and it is indeed a question whether or not they should not be 
reduced to a single order. As it is, they are only separable by the orientation of the ovules ; and even this character breaks down 
in those cases (e.g., Aesculus) where there are more ovules than one in the ovary. According to Coulter and Chamberlain 
(. Morphology of the Angiosperms, p. 248), the significance of this character is not clear; “but its constancy is in its favour.” The 
order Rhanmales is doubtless related to the two which precede it ; but is easily distinct from a merely systematic point of view, 
owing to the tetracyclic flowers and the antipetalous stamens. Similarly, the Malvales are probably not incorrectly placed, though 
the numerous stamens of the Malvaceae are probably due to splitting : the non-British Sterculiaceae are more primitive than 
the Malvaceae , and show more or less incomplete carpellary fusion. 
This group of orders might well be designated the Sapindariae. 
(f) Orders with prevailing spirocycly or of 5 — 4 flower -whorls, with apocarpy in the more primitive ( non-British ) orders, and 
with a tendency to hemi-epigyny due to the sinking of the gy 7 ioeciu 7 n in the axis 
Order 9. Hypericales (or Pari'etales ) (see Volume vi). Flowers hemicyclic (in the more primi- 
tive forms which are related to the lower Ranunculales and lower Rosales) or cyclic. Stamens often 00 . 
Carpels often 00 , more or less united ; placentae parietal, sometimes meeting in the middle ; ovules 
rarely basal. 
