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PAPAVERALES 
The P. simplex latiore folio trifido of Morison is cited by Retzius when founding his P. corallina. There is a leaf of 
the plant in Morison’s herbarium; and this is identified by Dr O. Stapf (see Vines and Druce Morison Herb. 162 (1914)) 
as being probably P. corallina Retz., i.e., P. mascula Miller. 
The Steep Holm paeony (P. mascula ) was not known to the older British botanists, such as Ray, Hudson, and Withering. 
It was first made known to the botanical public in 1805, when Smith published the figure in the English Botany (t. 1513). The 
plant had been found two years earlier; and the discoverer stated (see Smith loc. cit.) that he came across two fishermen who 
could recollect having gathered its flowers 60 or 70 years before that. Smith treated the plant as a native. Syme (loc. cit. (1863)) 
regarded the plant as only naturalised. 
The Rev. E. S. Marshall visited the Steep Holm, in June, 1914, and informs us (in lift.) that the paeony “grows only 
in two patches, at the very edge of an overhanging precipice, 50 — 70 feet [ca. 15 — 20 m.] in height, and at the foot of a long, 
very steep uncultivable rock-slope.” Mr Marshall regards the plant as indigenous on the Steep Holm. Mr G. C. Druce, on 
the other hand, after a visit to the locality, is of opinion that the paeony was originally introduced. It grows near other 
introduced plants. 
The common garden paeony (P. officinalis L. emend. = P. femina Miller) is closely allied to the present species, and 
occurs occasionally in waste places as a garden-outcast, as far northwards at least as Forfarshire. P. mascula is also culti- 
vated in English gardens, but much less commonly than P. officinalis. 
Naturalised on cliffs of Carboniferous Limestone on the Steep Holm, Somerset, in the Bristol Channel ; 
introduced or adventitious elsewhere. 
Central France (Loir et Cher, Loiret, Vienne, Cote-d’-Or), south-central Europe, southern Europe ; Asia 
Minor to Persia. 
Order 2. PAPAVERALES 
Papaverales nobis; Rhoeadeae Bartling Ordines Nat. PI. 254 (1830); Rhoeades Endlicher Gen. PI. 854 
(1839); Rhoeadales Engler Syll. 111 (1892); Carter Gen. Brit. PI. 49 (1913). 
For characters, see page 93. 
Usually herbaceous perennials or annuals. Stipules usually absent. Inflorescence racemose or 
solitary. Flowers usually cyclic (androecium rarely spiral), usually heterochlamydeous, hypogynous, 
actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Sepals usually 4, usually more or less caducous or small. Petals 
usually 4. Stamens 00 — 2. Carpels 00 — 2. Ovules with 2 integuments. 
Suborders of Papaverales 
Suborder 1. Papaverineae (see below). Sepals usually 2. 
Suborder 2. Capparidineae (see Volume IV). Sepals 4 or more. 
Suborder I. PAPAVERINEAE 
Papaverineae nobis; Rhoeadineae Engler Pjlanzenfam. Nachtr. 348 (1897); Carter Gen. Brit. PI. 49 (1913). 
For character, see above. 
British families of Papaverineae 
Family 1. Papaveraceae (see below). Latex present. Flowers actinomorphic. Petals without 
spur. Stamens 00 . 
Family 2. Fumariaceae (p. 168). Latex absent. Flowers usually transversely zygomorphic. 
Outer petals — 1 or both with a more or less developed spur. Stamens 2, each 3-branched. 
Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE 
Papaveraceae Jussieu Gen. PI. 235 (1789) emend.; DC. Syst. Nat. ii, 67 (1818); Lindley Syn. 16 
(1829); Bernhardi in Linnaea viii, 459 (1833) ; Rouy et Foucaud Ft. France i, 152(1893); Robinson and Fernald 
in Gray’s New Man. ed. 7, 414 (1908); Papaveroideae Al. Br. in Ascherson Ft. Brandenb. i, 48 (1864); Prantl 
und Kiindig in Engler und Prantl Pflanzenfam. iii, pt. ii, 130 (1891); Fedde in Pflanzetir. iv, pt. 104,97 (1909). 
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, with latex. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers 
without nectar. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, in 2 whorls, crumpled in bud. Stamens 00 , free, 
hypogynous. Ovary with 2 — 18 carpels, syncarpous, superior (rarely subinferior, as in the exotic 
Eschscholtzia ). Ovules 00 , anatropous or slightly campylotropous. Placentae parietal, projecting. 
Style short or absent. Stigmas as many as the placentae. Fruit either a septicidal capsule or opening 
by pores near the top. Endosperm oily. Embryo small, near the base of the endosperm. 
The family Papaveraceae is closely related to Fumariaceae through Hypecoum , and to the exotic family Capparidaceae 
and to the Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae). A transition to the Brassicaceae is to be observed in the fruits of Chelidonium , 
which are unilocular, through those of Glaucium , which are bilocular almost to the base. The genus Papaver is highly 
