PA PAVER 163 
leones : — Syme Eng. Bot. i, t. 60, as P. [dubium subsp.] lecoqi-, Jordan Icon. Eur. i, t. 7, as P. lecoqi ; t. 70, as 
P. improperum. 
Camb. Brit. FI. iii. Plate 1J2 , a — d. 
Exsiccata : — Wirtgen, viii, 318, as P. lecoqi. 
Sap rapidly turning dark yellow on exposure to air. Laminae with acute lobes. Petals less 
unequal in size than those of var. laevigatum and more attenuate at the base. Capsule more nearly 
cylindrical, relatively broader and shorter ; stigmas 6 — 8 ; stigmatic disc not spreading beyond the 
sides of the capsule. Seeds brown. 
Local ; southeastern and eastern England chiefly ; Wales (Brecknockshire) ; Scotland (Roxburghshire, Dum- 
friesshire, ? Fifeshire, Perthshire, and Ross-shire) ; Ireland (co. Dublin). 
Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Serbia, Greece. 
(b) P. dubium var. laevigatum Lecoq et Lamotte Cat. Rais. PI. Vase. 58(1847); P. laevigatum Reichen- 
bach Icon, iii, 3 (1838) non Bieberstein ; P. dubium Smith loc.cit.-, Curtis loc. cit. ; sens. str. ; P. lamottii Boreau 
FI. Centr. France dd. 3, ii. 30 (1857); Babington FI. Camb. 301 (i860); P. dubium subsp. lamottii Syme Eng. 
Bot. i, 89 (1863); P. dubium race lamottii Rouy et Foucaud FI. France i, 157(1893); P. dubium var. subpinna- 
tifidum Fedde op. cit. 316 (1909). 
leones : — Smith Eng. Bot. t. 644, as P. dubium ; Curtis FI. Lond. ii, 104, as P. dubium ; FI. Dan. t. 902, 
as P. dubium\ Reichenbach Icon, iii, t. 16, fig. 4478b, as P. laevigatum ; Jordan Icon. t. 8, as P. vagum-, t. 66, 
as P. mixttim ; t. 67, as P. depressum. 
Exsiccata: — Huter, Porta, et Rigo (Iter Hisp., 1879), 864, as P. dubium ; Todaro, 865, as P. dubium ; 
Wirtgen, x, 550, as P. dubium. 
Sap remaining white on exposure to air. Shoot not conspicuously hairy. Laminae pinnatifid ; 
segments narrow, lobed ; lobes rather obtuse. Petals — two outer ones much larger than the two 
inner ones, truncate at the base. Capsule more obconical than in var. lecoqi, relatively longer and 
narrower ; stigmas scarcely reaching the edge of the disc ; stigmatic disc spreading beyond the sides 
of the capsule. Seeds grey. 
This is the common form of the species in the British Islands and in Europe generally. 
( c ) P. dubium var. collinum Fedde in Engler’s Pflanzenr. 315 (1909); P. collinum Boreau FI. Centr. Fr. 
ed. 3, ii, 29 (1857); P- dubium race collinum Rouy et Foucaud FI. France i, 158 (1893). 
leones : — Svensk Bot. t. 457, as P. dubium ; Jacquin FI. Austr. i, t. 25, as P. dubium ; Reichenbach Icon. 
iii, t. 15, fig. 4477> as P* dubium ; Jordan Icon. Eur. i, t. 9, as P. luteo-rubrum ; t. 68, as P. collinum-, t. 69, as 
P. erroneum. 
Camb. Brit. FI. iii. Plate 1J2, e — g. 
Exsiccata : — Billot, 2609, as P. collinum. 
Shoot much more hairy than in var. laevigatum and var. lecoqi : on the whole, more closely allied 
to the former than to the latter. Sap remaining white on exposure to air. Leaves erect, with 
oblong and obtuse lobes. Petals as in var. laevigatum. Capsule obconical, attenuate from the middle 
to the base ; stigmas 5 — 8, scarcely reaching the edge of the disc ; stigmatic disc spreading a little 
or not at all beyond the edge of the sides of the capsule. Seeds brownish. 
Rare or overlooked. Jersey (E. W. H.), Berkshire (Journ. Bot. xliii, 16 (1905)), and perhaps elsewhere. 
Germany, France, Switzerland, Greece. 
A weed in cornfields and waste places, almost throughout the British Islands (northwards to 
Sutherlandshire), but rare in hilly districts. 
Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, central Europe, Russia, southern 
Europe; North America (not indigenous). 
Papaver dubium x rhoeas nobis. 
We are not aware that any experiments have been made in hybridising our wild poppies ; but, from our field-observations in 
eastern England, we believe that hybrids between P. dubium and P. rhoeas are very common. In a recent number of the 
Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Is. Report for 1912, p. 228, some doubt is thrown on the matter, since some of the suggested hybrids 
produce good seed. Errors regarding hybrids die a very lingering death; but we should have thought that the numerous 
experiments on hybridism in plants would have long ago settled the points that hybrids even of quite distinct species are 
sometimes fertile, and that hybrids of varieties are usually so. It is time that these conclusions, which are based on extremely 
careful experiments dating back to the middle of the nineteenth century, were recognised by field-botanists. 
There is an interesting article on “Poppy Hybrids” in Journ. Bot. Ii, 48 (1913), by the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. 
We have observed the following putative hybrids in East Anglia. In addition, many plants occur which are not 
referable to any one of the hybrid-forms, but which combine the characters of P. dubium and P. rhoeas in varying degrees. 
21 — 2 
