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PACIFIC SCIENCE, VoL IX, April, 1955 
(6) Surface circulation has a pattern similar to that actually observed and does not 
differ much from Munk’s result obtained in terms of mass transport. We have very strong 
western currents and boundary vortices. 
(7) The magnitude of the Kuroshio and other western currents was computed from the 
distribution of the streamlines in each level. The velocity is inversely proportional to D z 
so that we can determine it by assuming an appropriate value for D 2 . A value of D z be- 
tween 50 m. and 150 m. gives values most reasonable and consistent with the actual ob- 
servations. 
(8) Subsurface circulations also show similar patterns except for a general decrease in 
motion as we go down into deeper layers. Still, it is remarkable that we have far stronger 
currents than expected from Ekman’s classical theory even at a depth much larger than 
Ekman’s depth of frictional influence at which we can scarcely expect any motion. This 
seems to show us that the winds are responsible for most of the tropospheric motion of 
water. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This research was initiated several years ago. Because of the great amount of compu- 
tational work, however, the author had to ask financial aid from the Ministry of Education, 
Japanese Government. Actual computations have been carried out in Tokyo by Miss T. 
Osada, Miss T. Yoshimura, and Miss K. Maruyama since December, 1951. 
The completion and publication of this work were accomplished at the Agricultural and 
Mechanical College of Texas. Several persons in the Department of Oceanography helped 
greatly in its preparation. The author is very much indebted to Dr. Dale F. Leipper, 
Head of the Department, for his kind suggestions and advice. Mr. Robert O. Reid was 
also greatly interested in this research and gave several suggestions to the author. Dr. 
Walter Saucier was kind enough to check the mathematical analysis and the English. 
Mr. Richard M. Adams and Mr. George B. Austin assisted the author in preparing the 
manuscript. Dr. Walter H. Munk of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University 
of California, and Mr. H. Stommel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution kindly 
furnished the author with data of wind stresses in the Pacific Ocean which enabled him 
to determine the meridional distribution of the semipermanent wind system. 
It is the author’s utmost pleasure here to express his deepest thanks to all who helped 
him in carrying out this research. 
REFERENCES 
Defant, Albert. 1928. Die systematische Erforschung des Weltmeeres. Gesell. f. Erdk. 
Berlin , Ztschr ., Jubilaums Sonderband: 450-505. 
Ekman, V. W. 1905. On the influence of the earth’s rotation on ocean currents. Arkiv for 
Mat., Astron. och Fys. (1905-06) 2(11): 1-52. 
Hansen, Walter. 1951. Winderzeugte Stromungen im Ozean. Dent. Hydrog. Ztschr. 4: 
161-172. 
Hid aka, Koji. 1950. Drift currents in an enclosed ocean. Part I. Tokyo Univ., Geophys. 
Notes. 3(38): 1-23. 
1951. Drift currents in an enclosed ocean. Part III. Tokyo Univ., Geophys . Notes. 
4(3): 1-19. 
Montgomery, R. B., and E. Palmen. 1940. Contribution to the question of the Equatorial 
Counter Current. Jour. Mar. Res. 3(11) : 111-133. 
