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PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. IX, July, 1955 
Fig. 6. Maps of the leeward valleys of the Koolau Range, 500-foot contour interval. A, The Kalama-W ailupe 
area; B, the Palolo-Kalihi area; c, the Waimalu-Waikakalaua area; D, the Kaukonahua-Kaunala area; E, index 
map for A, B, c, and D. 
Subsidence also affected the part of the 
windward side from the southeastern end as 
far as Punaluu. 
In contrast, northwest of Aiea (Fig. 6e) the 
leeward valleys are decidedly narrower and 
shallower, and to them the term "gulch” is 
usually applied instead of "valley” (Fig. 6c, 
d). Most striking are Kipapa, Waikakalaua, 
Kaukonahua, Poamoho and Helemano 
Gulches, whose sides drop rather abruptly 
