242 Jeffrey and Torrey . — Transitional Herbaceous Dicotyledons , 
what different levels. The upper transverse view shows the traces in 
topographical relation to the foliar rays. It is clear that the latter extend 
through three annual rings and subtend the traces as long radial and massive | 
bands of storage tissue. Foliar rays are thus distinctly present in the aerial 
axis of X author hiza^ contrary to the erroneous statement cited in an earlier 
page. They may extend through four or even five annual rings, and are 
such a striking feature of the topography of the stem that it is difficult to 
conceive how they could escape notice on the part of even an anatomical 
tyro. Diagram B shows the same general relations in a slender annual axis 
of X author hiza. Here the foliar traces are practically of the same radial 
extent as the bundles of the cylinder, and as a consequence the tangential 
part of the foliar rays is absent. The result of this situation is that the only 
portions of the leaf-ray to be present are those flanking the foliar trace 
itself. It is necessary, however, in order to understand the conditions 
present in B, to have in mind those exemplified in A. The herbaceous 
stem in the latter has well-marked foliar rays developed both in a flanking 
and a radially confronting position. In progressively more slender stems, 
as a necessary geometrical result of the thinning of the axis, the confronting 
portion of the ray is progressively reduced and finally disappears altogether. 
Obviously, if the slender herbaceous type is derived from the more woody 
herbaceous axis, and this in turn from the normal arboreal type, the topo- 
graphical relations of the storage tissues related to the foliar traces should 
be studied in the order of arboreal, woody herbaceous, and slender herbaceous. 
No other procedure is permissible if herbs are in reality derived from woody 
ancestors in the Dicotyledons. 
But it is in Diagram C of Text-fig. 4 that the greatest difficulties 
to the views recently put forward in this Journal (2) are to be seen. In the 
axial portion of the illustration a number of foliar traces can be seen in 
proximity to the medulla. These do not all belong to the same leaf, since 
the foliar organs are somewhat crowded on the subterranean stem. Each 
foliar trace is related to a well-marked foliar ray, which manifests both 
flanking and confronting relations to the trace. It is to the roots, however, 
that we particularly turn our attention in this diagram. In the upper root 
appearing in the illustration the organ is shown both superficially and in 
transverse section. In the centre of the latter aspect appears a four-angled 
protoxylem star, subtending the projections of which are four well-marked 
parenchymatous interruptions of the secondary wood. These are the root 
rays, which are often just as characteristically developed in relation to the 
lateral rootlets as are similar storage rays in the stem in relation to the 
foliar traces. Since the woody cylinders of the lateral rootlets are from 
the first horizontally directed from their point of departure on one of the 
angles of the protoxylem, they are clearly surrounded on all sides by 
