THE MANUAL OP GARDENING. 
67 
" borers,” which have greatly disfigured it, and, in some 
instances, made it necessary to remove the trees altogether. 
Such, however, has been the result of sheer neglect, in allowing 
the insects undisputed sway, or, at least, until they had got so 
firmly lodged, as not to be displaced. 
In the country it still retains its health and beauty, and it is 
to be hoped may ever do so; its absence would be greatly 
regretted. These remarks apply to the European variety, for 
the American is, so far as our information extends, free from 
attack. The Linden has long been a favourite tree for avenues, 
and public walks; it is planted on the streets of the principal 
towns in Europe, and frequently forms avenues to country-seats, 
both on the continent and in Great Britain. The Dutch plant it 
on the sides of the canals, and the whole country is perfumed by 
its odour, when in flower. 
The Russian peasants manufacture shoes from its bark; cover 
their cottages with the same, and form the mats, so generally 
used by gardeners, from the inner bark. It is said that so great 
has been the havoc for those purposes, that an order has been 
issued restricting the felling of the trees. The Linden will 
grow in any soil, but thrives most in deep rich land; in dry 
sandy soil the growth is slow and the leaves fall early. It is 
increased by layering— rather a slow process. The trees, both 
native and European, are obtainable at the nurseries. 
Ulmus, The jEZm.— -This is a well known tree, and in England 
( has been famous since the time of the Romans, and of all Euro- 
pean trees, is that most generally cultivated. Its culture is easy; 
its growth rapid; and it will thrive in almost any soil, or situa- 
tion. The wood of elms, that have been frequently pruned, be- 
come knobbed, and when polished is highly ornamental ; to obtain 
it the trees in France are kept lopped and headed down. There 
are many varieties produced from seed, but the campestris or 
English elm, is most frequently met with in Parks and pleasure 
grounds. It is of a tall upright habit, attaining the heighth of 
60 or 70 feet. 
The Scotch or Wych Elm, has not so upright a trunk as the 
English, and it soon divides into long widely spreading, some- 
what drooping, branches, forming a large spreading tree, and is 
of quick growth. 
The Dutch corked barked elm ( U. campestris major ) was in- 
t introduced into England by William III. from Holland, and oc- 
casionally reaches the height of 70 feet. The American Elm, 
U. americana , reaches to a great heighth, and in favourable situa- 
tions displays extraordinary magnificence. It is found widely 
spread, but in the greatest perfection in the Eastern States, and 
on the fertile bottoms of the western waters. In New England 
it is a great favourite, and has been generally planted in the 
