AMERICAN PQMOLOGICAI, SOCIETY 
J2 
©©-operation : — The spirit of co-operation in the fruit growing Industry 
is growing rapidly in Canada and already much has been accomplished in 
the direction of assisting the fruit grower in getting better prices for his 
products. In the Province of Ontario there are fifty-two co-operative fruit 
growers’ associations; in Nova Scotia, thirty-two; in Quebec, eight; and in 
British Columbia, ten. In Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia most 
of the associations have united to form central selling agencies in order 
that they may control prices obtained for their fruit. These are known as 
the United Fruits Co., Limited, Berwick, N. S.; The Ontario Fruit Growers, 
Limited, Toronto, Ont.; The Okanagan United Growers, Limited, Vernon, 
B. C. 
Many of the local co-operative associations are incorporated companies. 
They buy supplies as well as sell the fruit. In the best organized associa- 
tions there is a manager who is paid a percentage on the amount of produce 
handled. There is a central packing house so that the fruit may be uni- 
formly graded. In some cases the returns are pooled and the growers are 
paid according to the proportion of the different grades of fruit furnished 
by the producers. In other cases the associations ship but do not pack 
co-operatively and each man’s fruit sells on its merits. The officers of a 
local association usually consist of the president, vice-president, secretary- 
treasurer, and five directors. There is also a manager on salary or paid 
on commission who supervises the grading and packing and shipping of 
the fruit and other matters relating to the association. 
Legislation: — The Canadian Constitution gives the Federal Government 
control of certain kinds of Agricultural legislation which is interprovincial 
and effective throughout the whole of Canada. In relation to the fruit 
industry, for instance, the size of packages in which fruit may be marketed 
is controlled by the Dominion Government. There are also standards fixed 
by the Government for the different grades of fruit marketed). The marking 
on the packages is also regulated by the Government. 
Legal Barrels, Boxes, and Baskets in Canada: — The minimum size of 
the apple barrel in Canada is ninety-six quarts. When apples are packed 
in boxes for export marketing the inside dimensions of the box must not be 
less than ten inches deep, eleven inches in width, and twenty inches in 
length. When apples are packed in boxes or barrels having trays or 
fillers wherein it is intended to have a separate compartment for each 
apple, the size of box need not be as above. Boxes for small fruits are 
two-fifths of a quart and four j fi£ths of a quart. Legal baskets must hold 
two and two-fifths quarts, six quarts, eleven quarts, and fifteen quarts, 
respectively. 
Packing and Marking Fruit: — The name and address of the packer 
must be stamped on every closed package of fruit. The name of the 
variety or varieties must he stamped on every closed package of fruit. 
There must also be a mark indicating the grade of fruit. 
Legal Grades of Apples: — There are four legal grades of apples offered 
for sale in Canada or exported, namely, Fancy, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3. 
Fancy fruit consists of well grown specimens of one variety; sound; 
of uniform and, of at least, normal size and of good color for the variety; 
of normal shape; free from worm holes, bruises, scab and other defects; 
