THIRTY-THIRD BIENNIAL SESSION 91 
Bureau of Agriculture and little of permanent value has been done except 
the introduction of a few tropical fruits. 
Within the last year a fairly good survey has been made of the fruits 
grown in the Archipelago and the assembling of a collection of all the 
Philippine fruits is well under way. During this time all the leading varie- 
ties of Citrus fruits in Florida, California, Australia and India have also 
been imported, and all the leading . tropical fruits that have hitherto been 
unknown in the Philippines, including a collection of grafted varieties of 
mangos from India and the Cayenne and Spanish varieties of pineapples. 
It will take some time and not a little hard work before Philippine fruit- 
growing is what it should be, but no one who has been on the ground and 
studied the conditions but that will admit that the Philippines can grow 
as superior, and as many kinds of fruits as any country in the world. 
SOME PHASES OF FRENCH HORTICULTURE. 
W. R. Lazenby, Ohio. 
Perhaps no feature of French Horticulture attracts more attention from 
the foreign visitor than the “espalier” system of training fruit trees. Ex- 
amples of this are to be found in many of the larger parks and nurseries,, 
and it is extensively practiced in private fruit gardens and pleasure grounds. 
All of the important nurseries have fruit trees for sale that are trained “e® 
espalier.” 
A collection of these monstrosities often consists of apple trees for 
the first row that are trained horizontally to a wire or small rod about 
eighteen inches above the ground. The trees are planted six or eight feet 
apart, and at the height of eighteen inches they are bent at a right angle 
and trained straight along the wire in the form of a single stem. When this 
horizontal stem reaches the next tree it is grafted into it by inarching and s© 
on to the end of the walk or around a certain square or rectangle in the 
fruit garden. 
The trees inside of the outer row are usually trained upon light wirfc 
trellises, often with the aid of long slender lath-like sticks, to support and 
keep the branches in position. Some trees are trained like the ribs of a a 
open fan, others with limbs all horizontal, straight out on both sides, or at 
right angles to the stem. Others again, more fancifully trained are horizon- 
tal for some distance, and then rounded upright in successive slight in- 
curving rows, forming a goblet-shaped head. In other cases a single stem 
is grown upright for four or five feet and then the branches or arms are 
made to grow flat like the spokes of a vertical wheel. Some laborious train- 
ing of peach trees to walls in the form of figures of animals, etc., which are 
