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AMERICAN POMOEOGICAE SOCIETY 
degree. Later experience teaches this to be injurious and now the orchard 
is seeded down to clover or alfalfa to prevent rampant growth, the high 
central shaft is removed and a light pruning given just after the fruit is 
harvested. In fact, many tall high headed trees have been pruned just when 
the fruit is ready to pick and the fruit harvested from the ground instead 
of from twenty to thirty feet from the ground. A system of this kind has 
been found to reduce the cost of production very materially, and at the same 
time eradicate much of the gumosis trouble of the tree. 
The pruning of the peach tree has changed in some districts from the 
rather open, high headed top to the flat top or what is locally known in 
some districts as the California system. Instead of heavy Winter pruning 
(January to March), we find many delaying the pruning until after the 
danger of late Spring frosts is past and the trees are just going out of 
blossom. The heavy blossoming trees are then severely pruned while the 
light blossoming ones are given a very light pruning. 
Spraying. 
Remarkable as it may appear the work of combatting pests has ex- 
perienced to a certain degree the same reaction as other horticultural 
practices during the past five years. Several years ago it was a common 
occurrence to find growers who were spraying their orchards from seven 
to nine times per year for codling moth alone. A few years later many cut 
this down to what is commonly known as the one calyx spray. This was very 
satisfactory to a limited degree at first; later such conditions arose as 
rendered very unsatisfactory results, and now three sprays for codling moth 
are more commonly used than even more or less. 
The lime-sulphur was at first supposed to be the general panacea for 
practically all ailments of the tree not covered by the arsenate of ltead 
spray and under certain favorable conditions it is an extremely effective 
spray; however, there have come to notice certain instances where the 
ordinary lime-sulphur has apparently failed entirely in its work on the 
San Jose Steale. Why this is so is still an open question to many; In fact, 
it has become such a serious problem in some places that the crude oil 
spray is being substituted for the lime-sulphur every third year. By so 
doing, the scale can be held under absolute control, or, as in some cases, 
absolutely eradicated from an orchard by careful spraying. 
In districts where the apple and pear scab are troublesome, a strong 
application of Bordeaux mixture, or lime-sulphur is given just before the 
buds burst and the later sprays for codling moth are made up with a small 
amount of lime-sulphur in them to hold the summer spores of scab under 
control. The formula we have found the most satisfactory is 28° lime- 
sulphur mixed in the proportion of two and one-half gallons to fifty gallons 
of water to which is added the two pounds of putty form of arsenate of 
lead. 
Thinning, 
The thinning of fruit is one of the processes that is rarely overdone 
even in the Northwest. The results of the past two years’ marketing 
