THIRTY-THIRD BIENNIAL, SESSION 
197 
chiefly distinguished by their absence. We are making progress, however, 
and in view of the conditional essentials relating to the marks, and to which 
I have referred, let us take courage and keep up the fight. 
We now come to the second phase of the subject, viz., “The Ethics 
and Economics of Packages and Packing.” Ethics relates to the “rightness” 
or “oughtness” of human action, and “Economics” deals with the development 
of material resources and the production, preservation and distribution of 
wealth. Reduced to its simplest terms, it seems to me to mean: — What 
essentials ought to prevail in both packages and packing that the great 
apple industry may be preserved and developed to the glory of the material 
progress of those who are engaged in it and this country as a whole. 
First: As to the package, its size; in the case of the barrel, it should 
be fixed in a compulsory way, taking care to provide for proper subdivisions 
thereof, like the one-quarter, one-third, one-half and three-quarter barrels. 
In this way no one can be mislead as to quantity and at the same time suf- 
ficient elasticity is allowed to meet business necessities. Such a measure 
is now pending relating generally to fruits and vegetables, and should be 
earnestly supported. The size of the barrel needs no discussion, for it has 
been fixed in the case of the apple by custom and law beyond recall. The 
size of the barrel established was in general use throughout the country; 
was supported by nearly every state; and, was the size of the flour barrel 
in most general use. 
Fixing the compulsory size of the box is an entirely different proposition, 
both inherently and from the standpoint of the special development of that 
industry. In the first place the box is not a measure of capacity, and never 
has been, either legally or by custom. It is therefore doubtful if its size 
could be fixed in a compulsory sense. However, this is not necessary, as 
the great majority of the box territory has developed along the lines of 
numerical count, a line impossible to the barrel pack. A law, therefore, 
which would standardize the box in most general use, viz., the Oregon Box, 
making provision for the use of other boxes when properly marked, and re- 
quiring the numerical count to be stamped upon all boxes', should be suf- 
ficient. This latter feature is now covered by the Amendment to the Food 
and Drugs Act passed in March, 1913, which requires the quantity of the 
contents of all packages to be stamped upon them in terms of weight, 
measure or numerical count. 
Second: As to the pack, we may at this time omit any discussion of the 
moral elements involved and limit it to its purely practical and utilitarian 
features. In other words, what condition ought to prevail from the stand- 
point of the pocketbook of the producer and the consumer. What things 
are essential to the health and development of the fruit industry? 
I think it will be conceded that the question of supreme importance in 
any great business venture is the creation and maintenance of confidence. 
Confidence is the foundation of all progress, industrial, spiritual and mental. 
Faith is at once the base and the keystone of success. Go where you will 
in the business world today and reliability is the watchword. Integrity and 
confidence are at the foundation of the wonderful commerce of the age in 
