656 Lewis . — The Life History of Griffithsia Bornetiana. 
sea-water to a slide and left undisturbed, few antheridia become extruded. 
However, the pressure of a cover-glass, or even a mere touch with a needle, 
causes the extrusion of hundreds of antheridia from each large antheridial 
cap. This, coupled with the fact that the tufts of Griffithsia are feeding- 
grounds for several species of minute Crustacea, especially of a species of 
Caprella , seems to lend probability to the suggestion that the antheridia 
of the red algae are sometimes translocated through the agency of 
animals. 
No evidence was secured as to whether the antheridial filaments 
produce successive crops of spermatia. It is certain, however, that after a 
time the antheridial cap ceases to produce spermatia, and the antheridial 
filaments become disorganized and break away, leaving the globose terminal 
cell of the thallus free of any antheridial cells. When this occurs, it is 
usual for two or more side-branches to arise from the subterminal cell and 
to begin to produce antheridia when three or four cells long (Fig. 64). 
The globose terminal cell which has produced one crop of spermatia 
frequently produces one or more new branches from its summit, so that 
this cell becomes again a functional apical cell (Figs. 64, 65). 
The procarps occur laterally on the nodes near the tips of the filaments 
of the female plants (Fig. 3). They are produced successively, so that on a 
fertile branch a procarp is formed on nearly every node. Their origin and 
development has been described in detail by Miss Smith ( 73 ), whose account 
supplements that of Farlow ( 29 ) and Spalding ( 75 ). 
The procarps are formed from the small terminal vegetative cells. 
When a procarp is to be initiated, the terminal cell, instead of dividing in 
the way usual in terminal vegetative cells, becomes pushed to one side by 
a lateral branch of the subterminal cell (Fig. 66, 67) which becomes the main 
axis of the filament. The terminal cell which is to give rise to the procarp 
contains several nuclei ; it divides into two cells in such a way that one cell 
lies partly over the other. The plane of division is oblique, the inner edge 
of the partition being somewhat lower than the outer (Fig. 67). The lower 
of the two cells so formed is the basal cell of the procarp. The upper cell 
divides again by a transverse wall to form the central cell of the procarp 
and the first peripheral cell (Fig. 68). The first peripheral cell is cut off 
from the central cell on the axial side. A second and third peripheral cell 
becomes cut off from the upper border of the central cell, with no discernible 
regularity of position (Figs. 69, 70). The fourth peripheral cell mentioned 
by Farlow has not been seen, and must occur only occasionally. Of the 
peripheral cells only one has any further part in the production of carpo- 
spores. Often, though not always, the peripheral cells cut off terminally 
a small sterile cell (Fig. 71). 
Up to this point the number of nuclei in each of the cells of the procarp 
varies from 4 or 5 to 10 or 12 or more ; there appear to be always 
