445 
Stiles . — The Podocarpeae. 
a most useful combination of stains for anatomical work, but several other 
combinations were also employed. For gametophytic and embryological 
work Benda's iron-alum haematoxylin was largely used. For thicker 
sections of 8 ^ and upwards combinations of anilin safranin with either 
Delafield’s haematoxylin or light green were found extremely useful, owing 
to the transparency of the stain. For gametophytes not cytologically fixed 
these stains gave results equal to those obtained with iron-alum haematoxylin, 
and so were largely used. 
iii. Notes on Genera and Species : External Features. 
The division of the Coniferae into the two primary groups of Pinaceae 
and Taxaceae appears to date from the work of Lindley in 1836, 1 and has 
been followed by almost every writer on the Coniferae. A threefold 
division into Abietinae, Cupressinae, and Taxinae was earlier suggested by 
L. C. and A. Richard. 2 The main distinction between the two divisions is 
in the female fructification, this being a well-defined cone in the Pinaceae, 
whereas cone formation tends to be imperfect in the Taxaceae. This rule 
is not without exception, but in the case of female cone-bearing Taxaceae 
there is no doubt of their affinity with other members of the group. 
The later groupingof the Taxaceae into Taxeae (Taxoideae, Taxineae) 
and Podocarpeae (Podocarpoideae, Podocarpineae) first appears in the work 
of Endlicher in 1847. 3 The differences between the Taxeae and Podo- 
carpeae extend to the male cones as well as the female fructifications. In 
the first-named group the microsporophylls are peltate or sub-peltate and 
bear several microsporangia, whereas in the Podocarpeae they are simpler 
structures bearing constantly two microsporangia on their under surface. 
As regards their female fructifications, the Taxean ovule is erect and 
surrounded by two symmetrical integuments; in the Podocarpeae the ovules 
are generally more or less inverted, and surrounded by a symmetrical 
inner integument, and an outer integument which only partially surrounds the 
inner. Here again the distinction is not absolute, for in the genus Phyllo - 
cladiLS the male cone is Podocarpean, while the megasporophyll bears 
a single erect ovule, with two symmetrical integuments, a Taxean character. 
This genus has therefore caused systematists a good deal of trouble. Thus 
we find it placed among the Taxeae by Endlicher 4 and others, removed to 
the Podocarpeae by Strasburger, 5 and placed in a sub-family by itself by 
Pilger. 6 Later work has tended to show more and more that its proper 
place is among the Podocarpeae, 7 so it is considered with them in this 
account. The remaining genera ar z Podocarpus with 62 species, Dacrydium 
1 Lindley (' 36 ), p. 316. 2 Richard (’ 26 ), p. 124. 
3 Endlicher (’ 47 ), pp. 203, 231. 4 Endlicher (’ 47 ), p. 234; Eichler (’ 89 ), p. 108. 
B Strasburger (’ 72 ), p. 16. 6 Pilger (’ 03 ), p. 38. 
7 See Robertson (’ 06 ), Young (TO), Stiles (’ll). 
