522 
Gibbs . — On the Development of the 
bracts, which become fleshy on maturity, when the free end of each bract 
can still be distinguished. 
Van Tieghem, in 1869 ( 58 , p. 279), is satisfied that the 'stalk’ is of 
foliar structure, the first leaf of an axillary bud which does not develop 
further. 
This ‘leaf’ is turned towards the dorsal side to form there an ana- 
tropous ovule. 
Strasburger, in 1872 ( 52 , p. 24), sums up the Taxaceae as being 
characterized (with the exception possibly of Cephalotaxus) by the absence 
of true strobilus formation. 
The Podocarps are distinct from the Taxaceae in that their flowers 
occur mostly singly, and, with the exception of PhyUocladns , are more or 
less fused with the bracts and more or less reversed. 
He does not accept the outer envelope of Podocarpus , or the analogous 
structure in Dacrydium and Phyllocladus , as an integument, but looks upon 
it as a ‘ cupula a sort of discoid proliferation of the axis of the flower. 
In 1879 ( 53 , p. 78) he describes the outer envelope in Podocarpus as 
an arillus, in preference to integument, as it certainly corresponds to the 
arillus of the Taxaceae. The ovule (p. 79), though resembling an anatropous 
ovule, cannot be described as such, because the stalk of the latter, the 
funicle, is always an integral part of the ovule. 
In Podocarpus , on the contrary, the stalk, bent over in its apical portion, 
which bears the ovule, is really the axis of the secondary shoot, consisting 
of a terminal sessile ovule. 
Baillon, in 1873 (1, p. 50 6) in a concise paper, goes thoroughly into 
the development of Podocarpus sinensis, Wall., and from the study of the 
organogeny entirely refutes the anatropous ovule theory. 
As he succinctly states, in the ordinary course of development of an 
ovule with two integuments (to which, so far, no exception is known), the 
nucellus appears first to be followed by the inner (secondine) and then the 
outer (primine) integument. 
In the case of Podocarpus , however, as he conclusively proves in a series 
of excellent figures, of these three portions it is the ‘primine’ which pre- 
exists the two other portions ; the nucellus appearing next, and finally the 
c envelope ’ which is thus interposed between the two other parts. 
Sachs, in 1874 ( 45 ), describes the little flowering shoots of Podo- 
carpus as consisting of a stalk-like axis, swollen above, which bears three 
pairs of decussate scales. 
The axis terminates between the upper pair, the anatropous ovules, 
with the two integuments (p. 50 7), being borne in the axils of the second 
pair, which may be looked upon as carpels, if such are in any way considered 
necessary. 
Bertrand, in 1878 ( 3 , p. 57), describes the ovules of the Gymnosperms 
