524 Ber ridge. — The Structure of the Flower of 
Solereder’s ‘ Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons ’. Hallier ( 13 ) has 
laid great stress upon these features in his comparison of the Cupuliferae 
with the Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae, but it may be observed that the 
Cupuliferae are classed together with the Rosaceae in Solereder’s summary 
quite as frequently as with these members of the Terebinthales. Here we 
find that the Cupuliferae resemble the Rosaceae in the nature of the 
epidermis, hypoderma, stomata, and hairs, both ordinary and glandular, in 
the place of origin of the cork and in the structure of the pericycle ; while 
in respect of many characters of the wood, the secretory system, and the 
mineral contents of the cells, the Cupuliferae seem to approach the Rosaceae 
more nearly than they do the Burseraceae and Anacardiaceae. 
The special features in the anatomical structure of the flower of the 
Fagaceae have been shown to be (1) the presence of carpellary bundles 
originating by fusion of branches from the main bundles supplying the 
perianth and stamens ; (2) the concentration of the placental strands in 
a definite layer beneath the loculi of the ovary, with a corresponding 
absence of vascular tissue in the septa ; (3) the double nature of the dorsal 
bundles of the carpels. The carpellary bundles in the Pomeae bear a similar 
relationship to the perianth and stamen traces, and the placental bundles to 
which they give rise run inwards horizontally to the middle of the flower ; 
while in Fuchsia and Oenothera , forms usually regarded as derived from the 
Pomeae, there is apparently a still closer resemblance in the distribution of 
the bundles, for Van Tieghem mentions a network of small strands running 
near the base of the loculi to the ovules, and notes the marked absence of 
vascular tissue in the septa. The dorsal bundle of the carpel is described 
by Van Tieghem as arising in the Pomeae by direct radial doubling of 
the sepal traces, but in Pyrus Aria , P. communis , P. Auctiparia, and 
Exochorda grandiflora , this does not appear to be the case ; the dorsal 
bundle has been found to be of double origin, formed by fusion of two 
branches from the carpellary bundles, which alternate with the perianth 
traces. Hence in the details of vascular structure, as „well as in general 
form, the flowers of the Rosaceae and Fagaceae show distinct resemblances. 
Little stress can be laid on the occurrence of multicellular archesporia 
and chalazogamy in both alliances, for these characters appear in such 
isolated genera throughout the Dicotyledons that it is doubtful whether 
they are of any phylogenetic value. Aporogamy in particular appears to 
be due to an adjustment to some change of condition within certain ovaries 
which have undergone reduction. It seems quite evident, however, that 
these two characters can no longer be regarded as linking the Cupuliferae 
closely with the Gymnosperms. 
Finally, two of the most marked features which separate the Fagaceae 
from the higher alliances — the trimerous nature of the flower and the form 
of the inflorescence — have been shown to be probably the result of a strong 
