Fagaceae , and its Fearing on the Affinities of the Group . 525 
tendency in the family to aggregation of the flowers and economy in the 
parts, and the appearance of a cupule in these forms seems to be due to the 
same tendencies, since it is simply a modification of certain branches of 
the inflorescence for purposes of protection. 
The numerous resemblances here enumerated between the Rosaceae 
and allied orders on the one hand, and the Fagaceae and other Cupuliferae 
on the other, can hardly be fortuitous, but seem to point to some real 
relationship between the groups. Complex forms like the Fagaceae can 
hardly have been derived from rosalian forms through the Hamameli- 
daceae, but this order would probably be included in the same cycle of 
affinity. 
Summary. 
The inflorescence, flowers, and cupule of Castanopsis chrysophylla are 
described and the anatomical structure of the flower fully worked out. 
The latter is compared with that of Castanea vulgaris , Fagns sylvatica , 
Quercus Robnr , and Juglans regia. 
The flower is shown to differ in no essential from other epigynous 
types of angiospermic flowers, and a fairly detailed comparison is drawn 
between the Rosaceae and the Cupuliferae, since it seems probable that 
the epigynous Rosaceae or their near descendants are the forms with closest 
affinity to the ancestors of the Fagaceae. 
Bibliography. 
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vol. xxv, 1911. 
8. Eichler, A. W. : Bliithendiagramme, 1878, pp. 20-30. 
9 . Engler, A. : Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Nachtrag, Pts. II-IV, Leipzig, 1897. 
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