Investigations on the Phylogeny of the Angiosperms : 
No. 4. The Origin and Dispersal of Herbaceous 
Angiosperms. 
BY 
EDMUND W. SINNOTT 
AND 
IRVING W. BAILEY, 
Bussey Institution of Harvard University. 
With Plates XXXIX and XL and eight Diagrams in the Text. 
Contents. 
Introduction 
I. Evidence from Palaeobotany . 
IT. Evidence from Anatomy 
III. Evidence from Phylogeny . 
IV. Evidence from Phytogeography 
1. Distribution of Herbs in Tem- 
perate and in Tropical Re- 
gions 
2. Development of Herbaceous 
Forms in the North Tem- 
perate Zone . 
3. The Herbaceous Element in 
Various Insular Floras . 
Endemism as a Criterion of 
Antiquity 
The Hawaian Islands . 
The Fiji Islands .... 
Tahiti 
Other Polynesian Islands . 
The Galapagos Islands 
Juan Fernandez . 
St. Helena 
The Canaries .... 
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572 
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The Azores 
Bermuda . . . 
Socotra 
Mauritius and the Seychelles . 
Ceylon 
Discussion of Isolated Insular 
Floras 
4. The Herbaceous Element in the 
Temperate Floras of the 
Southern Hemisphere 
Australia 
New Zealand . 
Patagonia and Fuegia . 
South Africa 
Madagascar . 
Northern Plants in the Anti- 
podes 
The Ancient Flora of Antarc- 
tica 
V. Factors in the Development of 
Herbs 
VI. General Conclusions . 
Summary 
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596 
R ECENT comparative work on the internal and external structure of 
vascular plants has been directed mainly toward the determination 
of lines of evolutionary descent, a knowledge of which shall make possible 
[Annals of Botany, Vol. XXVIII. No. CXII. October, 1914.] 
PP • 
