Catamites and Dicotyledons. 137 
that the surface of the Calamitean stem, properly orientated, 
should show the leaf-traces below the branches, since the 
opposite is the case in Equiseium. This view is strengthened 
by the fact that Weiss \ in order to make the leaf-traces 
come below the branches, actually in one instance figures the 
scars of roots immediately above those of the branches to 
which they are related, whereas in Equisetum , as is well 
known, the roots always originate from the lower side of the 
branches. In another figure, which shows the leaves still 
attached to the surface of a fragment of Calamitean stem, 
and in regard to which, consequently, there can be no doubt 
as to the proper orientation, Weiss 2 , in order to keep the 
leaves below the branches, is compelled to intercalate a node. 
In order to effect this, he interprets small rows of scars 
which appear along the lower margin of the cicatrices of 
the branches as belonging to a node in this position. The 
writer regards the small scars in question as representing the 
ochreolae or basal sheaths of leaves belonging to the branches 
left attached to the main stem after the removal of the latter, 
exactly as is the case in Equisetum. This view of the matter 
seems to be strengthened by the fact that Weiss 5 ‘ node 5 does 
not extend completely across the figure, but ends below the 
branch on the extreme right. The same feature is seen less 
clearly on the left. It has been recently shown 3 that the 
bases of the leaves in some Calamites were fused to form 
a sheath, exactly as in the Equiseta of the present day. 
There is thus an additional reason for emphasizing the corre- 
spondence in the relation of branches and leaf-traces at the 
surface of the stem in the two groups. As a result of his 
examination of the fossils, the writer sees no reason to abandon 
the suggestions made in 1899, viz. the figures that represent 
the surface of the stem in Calamites are not unfrequently 
inverted or misinterpreted. This is, for example, specially 
true of those appearing in the beautiful memoirs of Weiss. 
1 Steinkohlen-Calamarien, Heft I, p. 121. 
2 Ibid., Heft 2, Atlas, Plate 16, Fig. 6. 
3 Scott, Studies in Fossil Botany, p. 35, Fig. 11. 
