Notes. 
188 
circles, and the distance from ink-mark to ink-mark, i. e. placenta to 
placenta, measured by means of a graduated and index-bearing scale 
which could be revolved round the metal disk. When the carpels 
had thus been measured, the relative position of the sepals was 
determined. 
K. Schumann has described a similar machine in the Berichte der 
Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (Bd. xi (1893), p. 248). 
With my machine, 26 5-carpelled, 89 4-carpelled, and 20 3-carpelled 
fruits were measured. The diagrams on p. 187, showing the sepals 
and carpels, illustrate the results. In them the sepals are numbered 
in their sequence along the spiral — dextrorse or sinistrorse — and the 
carpels according to their size. 
The largest carpel (No. I) stands over (in part at least) sepal No. 1 ; 
but carpel No. II — the second in size — has no relation to sepal No. 2, 
but is that to the side of carpel I — contrary to thread of spiral. 
Carpell III stands on the other side ; IV and V, if present, are those 
more remote from I. In this way the fruit is seen to be made of 
carpels decreasing in size towards its late-developing side. In illus- 
tration of this are the following figures : — 
Table I. 
Size of carpels in %-carpelled flowers with dextrorse spiral. 
I. 
II. 
III. 
IV. 
V. 
IOI° 
0 
Os 
00 
58 ° 
70° 
42 0 
97 
75 
74 
69 
45 
96 
70 
73 
74 
47 
91 
82 
80 
59 
48 
90 
69 
90 
62 
49 
88 
78 
67 
66 
61 
86 
60 
7 i 
80 
63 
85 
62 
70 
88 
55 
84 
89 
75 
64 
48 
76 
65 
68 
77 
74 
72 
84 
75 
7 i 
58 
Total 966 
823 
801 
780 
59 o 
Average 8 7. 8° 
74-7 
72.7 
70.9 
53-6 
