748 Bachmann. — A New Type of Spermogoniu m and 
different species of Lichens. He found that the size and shape of the 
spermatia vary in the different species, but in every case he found them 
borne on specialized hyphae, the spermatiophores, in pocket-like depressions 
in the thallus, the spermogonia, and finally extruded through the ostiole of 
the spermogonium on the surface of the thallus. In a later paper (36) he 
described and figured spermatia in Fungi other than Lichens. Tulasne 
thought spermatia differed from conidia in that they would not germinate. 
He believed the spermatia were male cells, and the asci female cells. 
Cornu (8) succeeded in germinating the spermatia of a number of Asco- 
mycetes other than Lichens, and concluded from his observations that 
spermatia are a kind of conidia. He continued to use the word spermatia, 
but would have it apply only to very small conidia which because of their 
very small size could easily be carried long distances. 
Stahl (30) was the first to recognize the true female reproductive organ 
in the Lichens and to determine the real function of the spermatia. In the 
gelatinous Lichens which he investigated, Collema piriposiim, C.microphyllum , 
Physma compactnm, and Synechoblastus conglomeratus , the female organ or 
carpogone, as Stahl calls it. is a septate, spirally wound hypha at its base 
with a long terminal portion directed towards and protruding somewhat 
above the surface of the thallus. Stahl called this terminal part the tri- 
chogyne, a name which had originally been given by Bornet and Thuret (7) 
to a similar structure in the red Algae. In these Lichens Stahl found the 
spermatia to be small oval cells borne in spermogonia. Stahl says it is easy 
to believe that the spermatia which are extruded in large numbers from the 
neck of the spermogonium are spread over the surface of the thallus by 
means of rain-drops. At least he finds the end cell of the trichogynes which 
protrudes above the surface of the thallus with several spermatia clinging to 
it. He also finds that the spermatia become attached very firmly to the 
trichogyne, so that neither water nor a jarring of the cover-glass will detach 
them. He has figured three cases in which the wall has been dissolved 
between the spermatium and the trichogyne, resulting in a continuity of the 
protoplasm of the two cells. Stahl found that after a spermatium had fused 
with a trichogyne, the cross-walls of the trichogyne became gelatinized, and 
the cells of the spirally wound portion, or ascogone, increased in size. From 
this basal portion, as Jancewski (24) had described for Ascobolus and Kihl- 
man (25) for Pyronema , came the ascogenous hyphae. That the spermatia 
are the male cells of Lichens and that we have in spermatia, trichogyne, and 
carpogone a genuine functional sexual apparatus seems conclusive, in spite 
of the attempts of Brefeld, Moller, and others many times reviewed, 1 to 
1 Blackman, V. H. : On the Fertilization, Alternation of Generations, and General Cytology of 
the Uredineae. Annals of Bot., xviii, 1904. Harper, R. A. : Sexual Reproduction in Pyronema 
confluens and the Morphology of the Ascocarp. Annals of Bot., xiv, 1900. Baur, Erwin : Die 
Anlage und Entwickelung einiger Flechtenapothecien. Flora, lxxxviii, 1888, pp. 319-32. 
