8 Campbell. — Studies in some East Indian Hepaticae . 
three walls converge above, and completely enclose the central cell, exactly 
as occurs in many of the young antheridia, from which they are hardly to 
be distinguished (Figs. 22, 25). In such archegonia no cap-cell is formed. 
Sometimes, however, the three primary walls are vertical, and a cap-cell is 
cut off from the axial cell in the usual way (Fig. 23) ; but sometimes this 
takes place very late. In one observed (Text-fig. 5, G), four canal cells had 
been formed from the axial cell without a cap-cell having been cut off. 
A cross-section of the neck in nearly all cases shows but four peripheral 
cells, instead of the five or six found in nearly all Hepaticae (Text-fig. 5, B, 
F 3). This peculiarity is shown by Goebel in his Fig. 17 a, but he makes no 
comment upon it. 
The neck canal-cells in the mature archegonium are probably in most 
Text-fig. 4. a h. Development of the archegonium ( x 280). c shows a very young arche- 
gonium close to an older one. v, ventral canal-cell ; 0, the egg. 
cases sixteen, but as many as twenty may occur. In one case observed 
(Text-fig. 5, h) there was a marked enlargement of the apical part of the 
neck, and the canal-cells in this region had divided so as to suggest the 
sperm-cells of a young antheridium. 
When a cap-cell is present it undergoes the usual- quadrant division, 
and there may be a limited number of secondary divisions in the quadrant 
cells. In the greater number of cases, however, no proper cap-cell is 
formed, and the terminal cells .of the neck are derived from the original 
peripheral cells and are not the product of a cap-cell cut off from the axial 
cell, as is the case in all other Liverworts that have been described. The 
neck usually shows a more or less marked torsion (Text-fig. 5, A). 
The wall of the venter becomes two-layered at maturity. Its cen- 
tral cell becomes elongated, and the tapering upper portion is cut off by 
