184 Bailey. — Puccinia malvacearum and the My coplasm Theory. 
air drawn in through the filtering wad of cotton fixed in the neck of 
the globe. 
The globe was supported over an ordinary earthenware pot, ten inches 
across at the top, by means of a wooden frame, which held it in such 
a position that, when the pot was filled with earth, the small lower neck of 
the globe was plunged one inch deep below the soil surface. 
Eleven globes of the type just described were used in the first experiment. 
Before starting the cultures, the globes were sterilized by formalin 
vapour in a closed chamber for 12 hours. On removing from the chamber, 
the two necks of each globe were plugged at once with sterile wads of 
cotton-wool, and the sterilized glass tube was inserted through the wadding 
in the large aperture. 
The pots were then filled with good soil and the wooden frames 
placed on top of the pots in readiness to receive the globes. 
Some clean sand was then sterilized and kept in sealed sterile tins. 
When the above preparations were complete, the sterilization of the 
seed was carried out. 
Two kinds of seed were used — some taken from single and some from 
double hollyhocks. 
The plants from which the seed was taken were all diseased during 
the previous season. 
The seeds were husked — i. e. removed from the carpels which enclosed 
them — placed in tap-water, and exhausted twice in succession by means of 
a Geryk pump. 
They were then placed in 10 per cent, (commercial) formalin for 
five minutes, washed in three changes of sterile tap-water, and then trans- 
ferred to sterile Petri dishes. 
The seed was sown as follows : 
A small heap of sterilized sand was first made on top of the earth in 
the centre of the pot. The seed was placed on top of this by means of 
a pair of sterilized forceps, and a little sterile sand was poured over the seed. 
The cotton plug at the bottom of one of the globes was removed and the 
globe pressed down into the sand so that the lower neck of the globe 
surrounded and enclosed the seed, which might now be looked upon as 
lying in a cylinder of sterile sand, surrounded by the glass neck of the globe, 
but with free access to the open space inside the globe for the growth of its 
shooband a continuous layer of sand below it, through which the roots could 
find their way to the soil beneath. In this way the seed and the interior 
of the globe were protected from the entry of spores of all fungi, except those 
which could grow saprophytically in the soil and sand. 
The seeds, and later the plants which grew from them, were watered 
with rain-water, which was poured on to the surface of the soil in the pots 
without disturbing the ‘ sand-lock ’. Sufficient water reached the seed by 
