Willis, 
— Plant Invasions of 
Table XI. 
New Zealand. 
Occurring in 
IVides . 
Endemics. 
Three groups 
23 (100 %) 

Two groups 
35 ( 90 %) 
4 
One group 
139 (58 %) 
IOI 
Looking at the results that have been set forth in this paper, one is 
rather inclined to come to at least one important general conclusion. From 
the fact that by using age and area as a basis, 23 successful predictions have 
been made, many of which involve the mutual relationships of these islands 
and New Zealand in the matter of floras and their distribution, one may 
reasonably, I think, infer that age and area is as valid for these islands as for 
the mainland of New Zealand, not only as regards their local flora (considered 
entirely by itself) but as regards their floral relationships with New Zealand. 
But if the latter be the case, then it is clear that in all probability these 
islands must once have been a part of, or close to, the land communications 
over which the Indo-Malayan invasions of New Zealand travelled (cf.5,p. 1 12). 
It is almost impossible to imagine them receiving by casual transport across 
the water a flora which would show such striking numerical relationships, 
and relationships in such detail, to the flora of New Zealand. One cannot 
imagine that age and area should hold for the mutual relationships of two 
areas that were peopled with plants by independent invasion of casual waifs 
across the ocean. Taking these facts together with those set forth for New 
Zealand on p. 473, above, one may, I think, come to the conclusion that the 
peopling of New Zealand from Indo-Malaya was by land (not, of course, 
necessarily absolutely continuous, but with at most comparatively narrow 
straits), and that the islands which have been dealt with in this paper formed 
part of, or were very near to, that land. 
I am much indebted to the Director of Kew Gardens, Sir David Prain, 
C.M.G., F.R.S., for references to literature, and to my daughter Margaret 
for Diagram 3. 
Summary. 
In this paper age and area is applied to the floras of the islands outlying 
between New Zealand and the nearest larger areas of land to the north or 
north-west. It proves to be equally applicable to them, both for themselves 
and for their relationships to New Zealand, showing that they must in all 
probability have formed part of a land mass or masses running down to New 
Zealand from Indo-Malaya. Lists are given of the New Zealand genera 
(Table II), showing the invasions of which each may be supposed to have 
formed a part, deduced from their local distribution in New Zealand ; of the 
genera of the islands (Table III), showing those that reach New Zealand ; 
and of the endemics of the islands (Table VIII). It is shown that the 
