number of fruit-bearing branches, and for improv- 
ing the fruit upon particular branches, will all ad- 
mit of elucidation from the principles that have 
been advanced in this Lecture. 
By making trees espaliers, the force of gravity is 
particularly directed towards the lateral parts of 
the branches, and more sap determined towards 
the fruit buds : and hence they are more likely to 
bear when in a horizontal than when in a vertical 
position. 
The twisting of a wire, or tying a thread round 
a branch, has been often recommended as a means 
of making it produce fruit. In this case the de- 
scent of the sap in the bark must be impeded above 
the ligature ; and more nutritive matter conse- 
quently retained and applied to the expanding 
parts. 
In engrafting, the vessels of the bark of the 
stock and the graft cannot so perfectly come in 
contact as the alburnous vessels, which are much 
more numerous, and equally distributed ; hence 
the circulation downwards is probably impeded, 
and the tendency of the graft to evolve its fruit- 
bearing buds increased. 
In transplanting trees, if their size is at all con- 
siderable, they should be stripped of a portion 
of their branches and leaves by cutting ; for they 
must in the process of removal from the soil lose a 
great part of their roots and fine radical fibres ; and 
supposing all their leaves remaining, they would 
die from exhaustion of their moisture by the great 
evaporating surface. 
By lopping trees more nourishment is supplied 
