XX 
OUTLINES OF 
distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly 
visible or distinctly limited. 
§ 13. The Fruit. 
146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower 
a,re persistent (t.e., persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more 
or less altered in shape and consistence, it encloses or covers the seed or seeds 
till the period of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to 
the ground with the seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore. 
147. bruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single 
flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or com- 
bined in a head. Hut as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct 
carpels, is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the 
terms single and aggregate , proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several 
flowers, may be more appropriately adopted. Tn descriptive botany a fruit is always 
supposed to result from a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like 
the pistil, be syncarpous or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united 
in the flower may become separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result 
from a syncarpous pistil. 
148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but 
very seldom so in single ones. 
149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe 
it falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 
150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and 
forms part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx 
of perigynous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the 
lobes alone fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the 
insertion of the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including 
the disk bearing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely 
or persists entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When 
it persists it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 
151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered 
and dry ( marcescent ), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 
1 52. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually 
withered and dry. 
153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists, 
forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage 
to the fruit. 
154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever 
adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the 
persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary 
without adhering to it. 
155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (alae), beaks , crests , awns , 
etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of 
the flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistents part of 
the calyx. 1 f the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, 
it is called a pappus. 
156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy , pulpy , and juicy 
fruits) and dry. They are dehis ent when they open at maturity to let out the 
seeds, indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. 
Succulent fruits are usually indehiscent. 
157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 
the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 
the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the JEpicarp. The seeds themselves 
are usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from 
the pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which form as it were a 
thin inuer skin or rind called the Endocarp. 
the Drupe , in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, 
an outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp, or Mesocarp (covered like the berry by 
