ELEMENTARY BOTANY. 
XX111 
tuberculate or war ted, when covered with small, obtuse, wart-like protuberances . 
muricate, when the protuberances are more raised and pointed but yet short 
and hard. 
echinathe , when the protuberances are longer and sharper, almost prickly. 
setose or bristly , when bearing very stiff erect straight hairs. 
glandular -setose , when the setae or bristles terminate in a minute resinous head 
or drop. In some works, especially in the case of Roses and Rubus , the meaning 
of setce has been restricted to such as are glandular. 
glochidiate , when the setae are hooked at the top. 
pilose , when the surface is thinly sprinkled with rather long simple hairs. 
hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs. 
hirsute when the hairs are dense and not so stiff. 
downy or pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft; puberulent, when 
slightly pubescent. 
strigose, when the hairs are rather short and stiff, and lie close along the sur- 
face all in the same direction ; strigillose when slightly strigose. 
tomentose or cottony, when the hairs are very short and soft, rather dense and 
more or less intricate, and usually white or whitish. 
woolly ( lanate ), when the hairs are long and loosely intricate, like wool. The 
wool or tomentum is said to be fioccose when closely intricate and readily detached, 
like fleece. 
mealy {farinose), when the hairs are excessively short, intricate and white, and 
come off readily, having the appearance of meal or dust. 
canescent or hoary , when the hairs are so short as not readily to be distinguished 
by the naked eye, and yet give a general whitish hue to the epidermis. 
glaucous, when of a pale bluish-green, often covered with a fine bloom. 
glaucescent, subglaucous or becoming glaucous. 
174. The meanings here attached to the above terms are such as appear to have 
been most generally adopted, but there is much vagueness in the use practically 
made of many of them by different botanists. This is especially the case with the 
terms pilose, hispid, hirsute, pubescent, and tomentose. 
175. The name of Glands is given to several different productions, and prin- 
cipally to the four following : — 
1. Small wart-like or shield-like bodies, either sessile or sometimes stalked, of 
a fungous or somewhat fleshy consistence, occasionally secreting a small quantity of 
oily or resinous matter, but more frequently dry. They are generally few in 
number, often definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the petiole 
or principal veins of leaves, on the branches of inflorescences, or on the stalks or 
principal veins of bracts, sepals, or petals. 
2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-coloured, of a resinous or 
oily nature, always superficial, and apparently exudations from the epidermis. 
They are often numerous on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, and occur 
even on petals and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised upon slender 
stalks they are called pedicellate or {stipitate) glands, or glandular hairs, according 
to the thickness of the stalk. 
3. Small, globular, oblong or even linear vesicles, filled’ with oil, imbedded in 
the substance itself of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or fruits. They are often very 
numerous, like transparent dots, sometimes few and determinate in form and posi- 
tion. In the pericarp of Umbellifercc they are remarkably regular and conspicuous, 
and take the name vittce. 
4. Lobes of the disk (137), or other small fleshy excrescences within the flower, 
whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil. 
Chap. II. Classification, or Systematic Botany. 
176. It has already been observed (3) that descriptions of plants should, as nearly 
as possible, be arranged under natural divisions, so as to facilitate the comparison 
of each plant with those most nearly allied to it. The descriptions of plants her e 
