XVI 
OUTLINES OF 
triadelphous , pentadelphous , polyadelphous, when so united into three, five, or 
many clusters or phalanges. 
syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, the fila- 
ments usually remaining free. 
didynamous, when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there are four stamens in two 
pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other. 
tetradynamous , when (in Cruciferce ) there are six, four of them longer than the 
two others. 
exserted when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its tube, if 
the limb be very spreading. 
114. An Anther (109) is 
adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie 
their whole length along the upper part of the filament. 
innate , when firmly attached by their base to the filament. This is an adnate 
anther when rather more distinct from the filament. 
versatile , when attached by their back to the very point of the filament, so as 
to swing loosely. 
115. Anther-cells may be parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle ; or diva- 
ricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight line. The end of each 
anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or summit, 
and the other end its base (36) ; but some botanists reverse the sense of these terms. 
116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum of cells, appendages termed 
bristles (setae), spurs, crests, points , glands , etc., according to their appearance. 
117. Anthers have occasionally only one cell : this may take place either by the 
disappearance of the partition between two closely contiguous cells, when these 
cells are said to be confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one of the 
cells, when the anther is said to be dimidiate. 
118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in valves , 
pores, or slits. Their dehiscence is introrse, when the opening faces the pistil ; ex- 
trorse, when towards the circumference of the flower. 
119. Pollen (109) is not always in the form of dust. It is sometimes collected in 
each cell into one or two little wax-like masses. Special terms used in describing 
these masses or other modification of the pollen will be explained under the Orders 
where they occur. 
§ 11. The Pistil. 
120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally assume, 
rather more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are still more 
different in shape and structure. They are usually sessile ; if stalked, their stalk 
is called a podocarp. This stalk, upon which each separate carpel is supported 
above the receptacle, must not be confounded with the gynobasis (143), upon which 
the whole pistil is sometimes raised. 
121. Each carpel consists of three parts : 
(1) the Ovary, or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities or cells 
containing one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the earliest condition 
of the future seeds. 
(2) the Style, proceeding from the summit of the ovary, and supporting — 
(3) the Stigma, which is sometimes a point (or punctiform stigma) or small 
head (a capitate stigma) at the top of the style or ovary, sometimes a portion of its 
surface more or less lateral and variously shaped, distinguished by a looser texture, 
and covered with minute protuberances called papillce. 
122. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile on the ovary, but 
in the perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some por- 
tion of stigmatic surface. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said to be 
barren (not setting seed), abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree of 
imperfection. 
123. The ovary being the essential part of the pistil most of the terms relating 
to the number, arrangement,, etc., of the carpels, apply specially to their ovaries. 
In some works each separate carpel is called a pistil, all those of a flower consti- 
