XIV 
OUTLINES OF 
Hence much discrepancy in descriptive works. Where one botanist describes a 
simple perianth of six segments, another will speak of a double perianth of three 
sepals and three petals. 
99. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications of form and 
arrangement of the corolla and its petals, are equally applicable to the calyx and 
its sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments. 
100. The Corolla is said to be monopetalous when the petals are united, either en- 
tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring ; polypetalous when they are all 
free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly 
correct, for monopetalous (consisting of a single petal) should apply rather to a corolla 
really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on one side of the axis ; and 
polypetalous is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indefinite 
number of petals. Some modern botanists have therefore proposed the term gamo- 
petalous for the corolla with united petals, and dialypetalous for that with free 
petals ; but the old established expressions are still the most generally used. 
101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire portion of the corolla 
is called the tube , whatever be its shape, and the free portions of the petals are 
called the teeth , lobes , or segments (39) , according as they are short or long in propor- 
tion to the whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the 
petals appear at first sight free, but their slight union at the base must be carefully 
attended to, being of importance in classification. 
102. The ^Estivation of a corolla is the arrangement of the petals, or of 
such portion of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is 
valvate, when they are strictly whorled in their whole length, their edges being 
placed against each other without overlapping. If the edges are much inflexed, the 
Eestivation is at the same time induplicate ; involute , if the margins are rolled in- 
ward; reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into salient angles; revolute , if 
the margins are rolled outwards ; plicate , if the petals are folded in longitudinal plaits. 
imbricate , when the whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals being 
outside the others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top. Five- 
petaled imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when one petal is outside, and 
an adjoining one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one 
side ; bilabiate , when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbri- 
cate petals are described as crumpled ( corrugate ) when puckered irregularly in the bud. 
twisted , contorted , or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining one on 
one side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some 
botanists include the twisted aestivation in the general term imbricate ; others care- 
fully distinguish the one from the other. 
103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that the three aestivations cannot 
easily be distinguished one from the other ; in a few others the aestivation is vari- 
able, even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character in 
species, in genera, or even Natural Orders. 
104. In general shape the Corolla is 
tubular, when the whole or greater part of it is in the form of a tube or 
cylinder. 
campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell. 
urceolate , when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, 
and slightly expanded again in a narrow rim. 
rotate or stellate , when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the 
base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star. 
hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical and the 
upper portion expanded horizontally. In this case the name of tube is restricted to 
the cylindrical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limb, whether it be 
divided to the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat . 
infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical at the base, but 
enlarged at the top into a more or less campanulate limb, of which the lobes often 
spread horizontally. In this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement 
of the lobes, is sometimes considered as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a por- 
tion of the limb, and by some botanists again described as independent of either, 
