X 
OUTLINES OP 
62. Bracteoles are the one or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ 
materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts. 
63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk, or 
on the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of the 
leaf, and they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed. 
They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like 
the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaf- 
lets of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant ; generally 
small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots, or scars, sometimes 
united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the 
petiole, or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the 
stem in the axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting. 
64. Stipellcc, or secondary stipules, are similar organs, sometimes found on com- 
pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted. 
65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides 
leaves and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate, from stipes , a stalk. 
§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts . 
66. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches, 
and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence , is a flowering branch, or the flowering 
summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves with its branches, bracts, and flowers. 
67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem 
or leafy branch, axillary when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf -opposed when opposite 
to a stem-leaf. The inflorescence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate 
when the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not 
in a leaf-bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are 
axillary, the stem or branches ending in leaf-buds. 
68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence ; that is to 
say, the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to 
the first ramification of the inflorescence, or even up to its ramifications ; but the 
portion extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence 
is often distinguished under the name of rhachis. 
69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, 
or from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself. 
70. A Pedicel is the last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a single flower. 
71. The branches of inflorescence may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternate, 
etc. (32, 33), but very often their arrangement is different from that of the leafy 
branches of the same plant. 
72. Inflorescence is 
centrifugal , when the 'terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral 
branches are successively developed. 
centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to 
elongate, developing fresh flowers. 
73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence 
is always centripetal. Both inflorescences may be combined on one plant, for it often 
happens that the main branches of an inflorescence are centripetal, whilst the flowers 
on the lateral branches are centrifugal ; or vice versa. 
74. An Inflorescence is 
a Spike, or spicate, when the flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis 
or rhachis. 
a Raceme, or racemose, when the flowers are borne on pedicels al ong a single 
undivided axis or rhachis. 
a Panicle, or paniculate, when the axis is divided into branches bearing two or 
more flowers. 
a Head, or capitate, when several sessile or nearly sessile flowers are collected 
into a compact head-like cluster. The short, flat, convex, or conical axis on which 
the flowers are seated, is called the receptacle, a term also used for the torus of a 
single flower (135). The very compact flower-heads of Composite are often termed 
compound flowers. 
an TJmbel, or umbellate, when several branches or pedicels appear to start from 
