ELEMENTARY BOTANY. 
vii 
determined by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called trifid. 
A leaf with three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf : it is the 
leaflets that are ternate; the whole leaf is trifoliate. Ternate leaves are leaves 
growing three together. 
pedate , when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are 
forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches 
are near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird. 
42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness 
called pinnate , palmate , pedate , etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, 
they are usually said to be pinnatisect, palmatisect , pedatisect , etc., although the dis- 
tinction between segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot 
indeed always be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said 
to be pinnatifid , palmatifid , pedatifid , etc. 
43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets may be again toothed, lobed, divided, 
or compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. 
In the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate 
( bipinnate or tripinnate ), each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it 
comprises, is call a pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are 
in pairs, without an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is 
said to be abruptly pinnate ; if there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or 
pinna is unequally pinnate (imparipinnatum) . 
44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following 
numerals derived from the Latin : — * 
uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, decern-, multi-, 
1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many - , 
prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus — 
unidentate , bidentate , multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many- 
toothed, etc. 
bifid, trifid , multifid, mean two-lobed, three-lobed, many-lobed, etc. 
unifoliolate , bifoliolate , multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many 
leaflets, etc. 
unifoliate , bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many 
leaves, etc. 
biternate and triternate, mean twice or thrice temately divided. 
unijug ate , bijugate, multijugate , etc., pinnae or leaflets, mean that they are in 
one, two, many, etc., pairs {juga). 
45. Leaves or their parts, when flat or any other flat organs in plants, aro 
linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, falsely 
compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth. 
lanceolate, when about three or more times as long as broad, broadest below 
the middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance. 
cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, Com- 
pared to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and 
rounded at the top, it is often called flabelliform or fan-shaped. 
spathulate, when the broad path near the top is short, and the narrow tapering 
part long, compared to a spathula or flat ladle. 
ovate, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the 
middle, compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same form 
with the broadest part above the middle. 
deltoid, triangular, in the form of the Greek letter A. 
orbicular, oblong, elliptical , rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the correspond- 
ing mathematical figures. 
transversely, oblong , or oblate when conspicuously broader than long. 
falcate, when curved like the blade of a scythe. 
46. Intermediate forms between any two of the above are expressed by com- 
bining two terms. Thus, a linear -lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet broader 
below the middle, and tapering to a point ; a linear-oblong one is scarcely narrow 
enough to be called linear, yet too narrow to be strictly oblong, and does not con- 
spicuously taper either towards the summit or towards the base. 
